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|YIome$  Academy  of  Science, 
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BIOLOGY 
LIBRARY 


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BULLETIN        ' 


OF  THE 


DES  MOINES  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCE. 


CONTENTS: 

ARTICLE     I.-INTRODUCTORY. 

ARTICLE  II.— A    GEOGRAPHIC    CATALOGUE    OF 

THE  UNIONID^  OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI 
VALLEY. 


PUBLISHED  BY  THE  ACADEMY. 


VOLUME  L  NUMBER  I. 


DES  MOINES,  IOWA, 
MARCH,  1885. 


BULLETIN 


OF  THE 


of 


VOL.  I.  MARCH,  1885.  No.  I. 


INTRODUCTORY. 


The  DBS  MOINES  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCE,  in  presenting  to  the  scientific  public 
this,  its  first,  contribution  to  the  literature  of  science,  hopes  to  initiate  a  series 
of  publications  which  will  ultimately  cover,  more  or  less  completely,  the  natural 
history  of  the  entire  State.  To  this  end  a  number  of  gentlemen,  specialists 
in  science,  some  of  whom  are  residents  of  Iowa,  have  been  invited  to  prepare 
papers  on  topics  of  general  interest  or  value.  Succeeding  numbers  of  its  BULLE- 
TIN will  present  the  results  of  investigations  conducted  in  other  branches  of 
science. 

The  immediate  occasion  for  the  publication  of  matter  of  this  kind  rests  in  the 
utter  dearth  of  a  natural  history  literature  pertaining  to  Iowa.  It  is  believed 
that  many  persons,  intelligently  interested  in  studies  of  this  character,  do  not- 
become  actual  students  because  there  are  no  publications  devoted  to  the  natural 
history  of  the  state.  To  all  such  it  is  hoped  these  Bulletins  will  commend  them- 
selves as  intended  to  foster  an  intelligent  observation  of  the  unrecorded  facts 
abounding  on  every  hand.  To  facilitate  the  accomplishment  of  this  purpose, 
objects  of  natural  history,  of  whatsoever  kind,  are  earnestly  desired  by  the 
Academy.  Collections  of  such  a  character  will  serve,  first,  to  enable  the  insti- 
tution of  a  well  selected  and  carefully  preserved  museum,  and  second,  to  enable 
the  placing  of  the  objects  collected  in  the  hands  of  competent  students  for  study 
and  report. 


M171456 


BULLETIN   OF   THE 


The  BULLETIN  will  be  published  at  irregular  intervals,  and  the  time  of  its  ap- 
pearance will  be  governed  by  the  amount  and  character  of  the  material  at  hand. 
The  greatest  care  will  be  exercised  in  determining  what  contributions  are  to  be 
admitted  to  its  pages,  inasmuch  as  the  information  it  may  convey  should  be  ac- 
curate and  permanent  in  value 

The  Academy  of  Science  is  desirous  of  placing  within  the  reach  of  its  mem- 
bers, through  its  library,  the  results  of  investigations  conducted  by  sister  socie- 
ties and  published  in  their  journals,  and  hence  presents  itself  to  their  attention  in 
the  hope  that  an  exchange  of  publications,  subject  to  the  usual  conditions,  may 
be  made.  There  are  now  in  preparation,  papers  upon  the  Musci  and  Lichens, 
and  upon  the  Ornithology  of  the  region  about  Des  Moines.  An  extended  paper 
upon  the  Mites  will  probably  be  the  first  contribution  in  the  science  of  entomol- 
ogy, and  others  may  be  expected  to  follow  as  rapidly  as  the  exigencies  of  publi- 
cation will  allow. 


DBS  MOINES  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCE. 


A  GEOGRAPHIC  CATALOGUE 


-OF  THE 


UNIOMD^E    OF   THE    MISSISSIPPI   VALLEY. 


BY  R.   KLLSWORTH  CALL. 


The  incompleteness  of  this  first  attempt  to  succinctly  present  the  geographic 
distribution  of  the  Unionida'  of  the  drainage  system  of  the  Mississippi  river 
will  be  conspicuous  to  those  who  may  have  given  the  subject  any  careful  study. 
The  causes  of  such  incompleteness  are  to  be  referred  to  the  dearth  of  a  special 
literature  and  to  the  absence  of  complete  collections  made  over  all  portions  of 
the  included  area.  For  the  same  reason,  there  may  be  question  whether  the  dis- 
tribution of  many  of  the  species  herein  included  shall  not  need  future  modifica- 
cation.  The  states  west  of  the  Mississippi  river  yet  remain  to  be  fully  searched, 
and  their  molluscan  fauna  carefully  studied.  Aside  from  a  fragmentary  knowl- 
edge of  the  shells  of  Texas,  Louisiana,  Indian  Territory,  Kansas  and  Iowa, 
almost  nothing  is  known  of  this  area. 

Then,  again,  the  continually  recuning  problems  in  synonomy  have  necessarily 
modified  the  statement  of  the  extremes  of  distribution.  It  has  been  difficult  to 
decide  just  where  any  individual  member  of  a  widely  spread  group,  for  example, 
like  that  of  Unio  rubiginosus,  ceased  and  another  replaced  it.  In  certain  cases 
the  intermingling  of  closely  related  forms  appears  to  be  indicative  of  identity 
rather  than  of  specific  distinctness,  and  it  is  often  a  question  whether  to  state  the 
limits  of  distribution  of  each  form  separately  or  to  unite  them  and  point  out  the 


BULLETIN   OF   THE 


distribution  of  the  combined  forms  as  a  unit.  In  this  respect,  the  treatment  of 
species  has  not  been  uniform.  Where  identities  have  appeared  to  be  fairly  well 
established,  comparisons  have  been  instituted  and  the  results  positively  stated, 
though  in  the  great  majority  of  cases  there  has  been  no  attempt  to  critically  fix 
the  species  synonomy.  The  evidence — which  is  not  inconsiderable— by  which 
such  treatment  is  justified  will,  it  is  hoped,  appear  in  a  future  synonymic  cata- 
logue designed  to  cover  the  same  area  with  this.  It  is  proper  to  state,  in  this 
connection,  that  the  extremes  of  distribution  and  such  synonomy  as  is  positively 
asserted,  are  based  upon  the  private  collections  of  the  writer,  except  in  those  in- 
stances where  shells  are  cited  as  occurring  in  British  America.  The  statements 
of  distribution  in  these  few  instances,  are  based  upon  material  to  be  seen  in  the 
collections  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 

In  anticipation  of  the  results' of  a  further  study  of  synonomy  it  is  suggested 
that  the  elimination  of  a  large  number  of  forms,  herein  included  as  species,  is 
probable.  Many  others,  when  studied  in  connection  with  the  peculiar  environ- 
ments imposed  by  wide  geographic  range,  will  be  found  devoid  of  even  a  racial 
value,  while  still  others  will  rank  as  mere  varieties.  In  the  case  of  several 
widely  distributed  groups  it  has  been  found  that  the  extremes  of  differentiation 
are  co-ordinate  with  the  extremes  of  distribution,  and  that  the  differences  become 
less  appreciable  as  the  various  intervening  localities  furnish  their  quota  to  the 
geographic  series.  Such,  notably,  is  the  fact  in  connection  with  the  pustulate 
group  of  Uniones  in  which  the  northern  Unto  pustulosus  graduates  insensibly 
into  the  southern  Unio  asperatus,  U.  vallatus  and  U.  splicericus.  Bearing  this 
fact  in  mind  the  co-ordination  of  species  on  the  basis  of  resemblances  rather  than 
their  specific  separation  on  trivial  variant  characters,  appears  to  be  most  useful  as 
a  preparation  for  a  complete  synonomy.  Thus,  in  this  paper,  well  known  and 
common  forms  are  taken  as  the  types  of  groups  in  which  are  placed  all  those 
species  which  present  close  resemblances,  and  which  are  conceived  to  be— if  good 
species — genetically  related  to  the  type.  In  general,  the  first  described  species 
of  a  natural  group  has  been  selected  as  the  type,  so  that  on  the  completion  of 
the  synonomy  of  any  individual  group  the  arrangement  would  be  chronologic. 

It  has  not  appeared  desirable  to  institute  subgenera  for  the  reception  of  such 
forms  as  approach  closely  to  the  type  of  any  group.  Several  such  attempts  have 
been  made,  (1)  but  the  limits  imposed  by  these  devices  appear  to  be  no  more 
constant  than  the  characters  of  the  specimens  themselves.  It  is  believed  that,  for 
the  North  American  Unionidce  at  least,  no  more  characteristic  grouping  than 
that  implied  in  the  adoption  of  the  genera  Anodonta,  Margaritana  and  Unio 
\vill  be  found  really  serviceable.  Even  in  the  adoption  of  certain  typical  groups, 

(1)  By  Raflnesque,  L.  Agassiz,  Swainson,  Stimpson,  Chenu,  H.  and  A.  Adams,  and 
others. 


DES  MOINES  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCE. 


as  herein,  the  type  does  not  always  plainly  suggest  the  affinities  of  certain  forms 
grouped  with  it  as  subordinate  members.  Thus  the  pustulate  group,  typified  by 
Unin  pustulosus, contains  species  which,  like  Unio  Uoitstuneiwls.  are  non-pus- 
tulate. But,  since  there  is  an  essential  agreement  in  all  other  characters,  and 
since  individuals  of  usually  pustulate  forms  are  sometimes  fcund  free  of  pus- 
tules, no  real  violence  is  done  any  scientific  principle  of  classification.  Indeed, 
the  presence  or  absence  of  pustules  often  appears  to  afford  a  no  more  reliable 
basis  of  classification  or  grouping  than  does  color,  which,  as  has  long  been  recog- 
nized, is  by  no  means  a  constant  factor. 

Collections  from  every  sub-drainage  area  within  the  Mississippi  valley  are 
generally  important  in  order  to  understand  the  geographic  range  of  characteristic 
forms  and  as  an  aid  in  the  determination  of  suspected  synonomy,  and  particu- 
larly important  in  connection  with  the  chronologic  history  of  the  family  in  these 
waters.  The  existence  of  various  species  of  TJnlonidw  in  the  Laramie  beds  of 
Wyoming,  probably  genetically  related  to  certain  widely  spread  types  in  the 
Mississippi  basin,  as  shown  by  White  (2;  point  to  regions  adjacent  to  the  great 
valley,  as  the  locality  of  probable  origin.  When  investigation  of  this  phase  of 
the  subject  is  carried  further,  so  that  actual  genetic  relation  be  demonstrated,  an 
important  fundamental  problem,  that  underlies  the  fact  of  synonomy,  will  be 
solved. 

In  brief,  then,  the  intention  of  this  tentative  catalogue  is  to  place  within  the 
reach  of  students,  a  convenient  geographic  resume  of  the  Unionidce  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi valley,  and  at  the  same  time  to  prepare  the  way  for  an  intelligent  discus- 
sion of  the  biologic  and  geologic  problems  which  their  numbers  and  distribution 
suggest.  The  greater  fullness  of  the  notes  which  pertain  to  certain  groups,  is  to 
be  considered  indicative  of  the  opportunities  the  writer's  private  cabinet  presents 
and  the  extent  to  which  he -has  been  aided  by  the  generous  help  of  a  numerous 
list  of  correspondents,  while  the  paucity  of  notes  in  certain  other  instances  will 
serve  to  indicate  those  species— either  good  or  nominal— concerning  which  infor- 
mation is  most  earnestly  desired.  A  failure  to  point  out  the  possible  affinities  of  any 
form,  is  sometimes  the  result  of  positive  ignorance  of  its  true  relations  consequent 
upon  inability  to  examine  authentic  specimens.  '1  he  element  of  uncertainty  which 
attaches  to  all  mere  descriptions  and  to  most  figures,  is  too  great  to  warrant  a 
suggestion  of  possible  relationship.  It  could,  at  best,  be  no  more  than  mere 
conjecture.  Those  suggestions  which  involve  a  probable  synonomy  are  advanced 
with  some  degree  of  trepidation  due  both  to  the  inherent  difficulties  of  the  sub- 
ject and  to  its  delicacy.  But  the  desire,  which  every  honest  investigator  has,  to- 
render  strict  justice  to  the  work  of  his  predecessors  needs  also  to  be  judiciously 

(2)  Am.  Jour,  of  Sci.,  Vol.  XX,  Pp.  44-49. 


DES  MOINES  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCE. 


exercised  in  the  interests  of  his  special  science  lest  a  greater  injustice  be  done 
the  student  who  shall  follow  him. 

Bibliographic  matter  would  be  inappropriate  in  a  paper  of  this  character,  and 
but  little  such  matter  has  been  admitted.  '  A  simple  reference  to  a  figure  of  each 
form— where  one  is  known  to  exist,  in  most  cases  the  original— has  been  deemed 
useful.  In  general,  descriptions  will  be  found  in  connection  with  the  plates  in- 
dicated in  the  several  references. 


CATALOGUE. 

FAMILY  [TN1ONID/K. 

(RIVER  MUSSELS.) 


GENUS  ANODONTA. 


Gills  free;  eggs  received  throughout  the  gill;  anal  opening  not  fringed. 

Shell  equivalve,  ovate,  usually  thin,  auriculate,  inequilateral,  closed' 
lx'<ilis  small.  Hinge  ivithout  teeth,  but  furnished  with  a  lamina;  ligament 
external,  linear.  Pallial  impression  simple.  (H.  and  A.  Adams.} 

lAnodonta  argentea.  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phi!.  Soc.  2nd  Ser.,  Vol.  VIII,  PI.  XIX,  Fig-.  41.) 
This  species  was  described  from  Stone's  river,  Tennessee,  and  has  been  re- 
ported from  no  other  locality.     It  forms  a  member  of  the  group  of  which  Ann- 
dnnta  fcrusxaciana.  Lea,  is  the  type. 

!  Anodonta  arkansensis,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Son.,  2nd  Ser.,  Vol.  X,  PI.  XXIX,  Fi».  50.) 

Described  from  the  Little  Arkansas  river.  The  most  northerly  locality  re- 
ported is  Mill  Creek,  near  Alma,  Kansas.  The  form  is,  lerhaps,  properly  .to' 
be  regarded  as  a  synonym  of  Anodonta-  edentula.  Say,  which  see. 

J  Anoilonta  bealii.  Lea. 

(Jouv.  Acad.  Nat.  St-i.  Phila.  2nd  Series,  Vol.  VI,  PI.  IX,  Fig-.  25.) 
Distributed  from  north-eastern  Kansas  to  Texas.     The  original  locality  is  in 
Leon  county,  Texas. 

*        f  Anodonta  hiichanensis.  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc  ,  Vol.  VI,  PL  XIV,  Fig-.  45U 

Buck  Creek  and  Grand  river,  Ohio.  Not  reported  elsewhere.  This  species 
Lrnmps  with  Anodonta  ferussaciana,  Lea,  and  is  suspiciously  close  to  it. 


[0  CATALOGUE:— FAMILY 


f  AiitMftnita  cariniferar  Conrad. 

IN  fit  fig-viral.) 

Nothing  further  Is  known  of  this  species  than  that  ft  canoe  from  Kentucky,  ami! 
was  described  on  the  cover  of  No-.  »,  Connid's-  Monograph  of  Unioni&ce. 

Anodonta  corpulenta,  Cooper. 

(Not  figured.} 

"  Upper  Mississippi  river  and  Lake  of  the  Woods."  Shells  referable  to  this 
species  have  been  supplied  from  Aledo,  Illinois,  and  Mwscatiner  Iowa.  It  is; 
doubtful  whether  it  is  more  than  a  very  obese  variety  of  Anodouta  gra-ndis, 
Say. 

t  Anodwita  danicisii,  Lea, 

(Jour.  Aoad.  Nat.  Sci-,  Phila.,  2nd  Series,  Vol.  IV,  PI.  LX£II.  FT;.  19ff.) 

Described  from  Topeka,  Kansas.  Specimens  have  been  'taken  in  Dodirc 
county,  Nebraska,  and  Fremont  county,  Iowa.  It  belongs  to  tlie  gromp  of  which 
Anodonta  yrandis,  Say  is  the  type, 

*  Anodonta  decora,  Lea. 

(Trains.  Am.  F.  il.  Soe.,  Vol.  VI,  PI.  XX.  Fig-.  631) 

Ranges  from  Western  New  York  to  Iowa,  it  belongs  to  the  grandis  groirj>, 
between  which,  this  form,  and  Anodonta  plana.  Lea,  exists  a  relationship 
which  must  be  regarded  as  genetic — unless  they  are  positively  identical. 

tAiioilwita  dejecta,  Lewis. 

(Not  figured.) 

This  species  was  described  from  imperfect  specimens  obtained  by  the  U.  S. 
Geog.  and  Geol.  Survey  W.  of  the  100th  meridian,  credited,  by  Dr.  II.  C.  Yarrow, 
the  collector,  to  "  the  Arkansas  river  or  Tributaries  west  of  the  100th  meridian." 
Nothing  further  is  known  of  its  geographical  distribution.  (Vide  U.  S.  Geog. 
Sur.  W.  of  100th  Medidian,  Vol.  V,  Pp,  952—953. 

t  Anodonta  denigrata.  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  2nd  Series,  Vol.  X,  PI.  XXV,  Fig-.  45.) 

Described  from  Campbell  county,  Tennessee,  the  only  locality  yet  reported. 
The  species  groups  with  Anodonta  ferussticiana,  Lea,  which  see. 

*  Auodonta  edcntula,  Say. 

(Nat.  Hist,  of  New  Vork,  Zoology  Vol.  V,  Pi.  XVI,  Fig.  #M.) 

Ottawa,  Canada,  south  to  Central  New  York,  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee; 
West  to  Iowa;  north  to  Lake  Winnepeg,  British  America.  This  is  an  exceed- 

CATAl.OOUE  '2. 


DES  MOINES  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCE. 


•ingly  variable  form,  and  its  synonomy  is  correspondingly  large.  A  peculiar 
•quadrate  form  from  Michigan  received,  at  the  hands  of  Mr  Anthony,  the  name 
of  Alasmodonta  rhowbloa.  The  figure  to  which  reference  is  made  does  not 
well  illustrate  the  species.  It  is  believed  the  following  will  prove  to  be  syno- 
nyms: Anodonta  arkanseniste,  Lea,  A.  ferrugiriea,  Lea,  A.  tctrctfjonci,  Lea, 
;uul  A.  shaffoeridna,  Lea.  The  species  is  not  far  removed  from  A.  undulata, 
Say— of  the  Atlantic  drainage.  Specimens  are  frequently  found  with  a  thicken- 
ing on  the  dorsal  margin  which  si mulates  the  cardinal  tooth  of  MyrgaTticma* 
Mi .  Ainbony'-s  specimens  probabJy  presented  that  feature, 

f  Anodonta  ferruginea,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  2nd  Series,  Vol.  VIIII,  PI.  XIX,  FIjf,  4S.J 
"Simon's  Creek,  Indiana."    See  under  A-  edentula, 

*  A  nodonlsi  ferussaciana,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  V,  PI.  VI.,  Fig.  15.) 

Ranges  from  Montreal,  Canada,  to  Kansas;  to  Vermillion  river,  Dakota.  The 
form  has  been  erronously  attributed  to  Western  New  York.  It  is  the  type  of  a 
group  of  An(jdo'Hl<v  which  includes  A.  -argentea,  A.  denigrata,  A*  biicti* 
nneusis,  and  A.  nblita,  and  which  is  not  altogether  free  from  synonomy. 

1  A  notion*  it  footiana,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  2nd  Series,  Vol  VIII,  PI.  XX,  Fi-;.  44.) 
The  only  locality,  within  the  Mississippi  basin,  in  which  this  form  is  known 
to  occur,  is  Chautauqua  Lake,  in  Western  New  York,  It  abounds  in  very  many 
of  the  small  Jakes  in  Wisconsin  and  Michigan,  but,  apparently,  in  those  only 
which  are  tributary  to  the  Great  Lakes.  The  most  northerly  recorded  range 
is  Fort  Winnebago,  to  Ottawa  river,  Canada. 

Anodonta  gigantea,  Lea, 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  VI,  PI  I,  Fi«-.  1.) 

This  species  was  described  from  a  single  valve  obtained  in  the  vicinity  of  Port 
Gibson,  Mississippi.  .  It  is  a  member  of  the  grandis  group,  to  which  it  is  vervV 
closely  related. 

*  Anodonta  grand  is,  Say. 

(Not  ftyuredo 

Described  from  the  •'  Upper  Mississippi."  Its  range  is  very  considerable— 
from  Ohio  to  Texas;  west  to  Nebraska  and  north  to  Minnesota.  Throughout  its 
range  it  exhibits  a  very  considerable  diversity  of  form  which  is  to  be  regarded  as 

CATALOGUE   3. 


CATALOGUE—FAMILY  U 


a  biologic  expression  of  differences  in  environment.  The  specific  distinction  ho- 
tween  this  and  several  other  forms  is  not  clearly  established.  It  is  the  type  of  a 
group  including  A.  decora,  A.  virens,  A.  linnc&intt,  A.  corpulenta,  A  harpt- 
thenxis,  and  A.  plana,  some  of  which  are  certainly  synonymous.  Lea's  figure 
of  A.  plann,  (which  see)  is  a  very  good  illustration  of  gmndis. 

t  Anodonta  liarpethensis,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  So?..  2nd  Series.  Vol.  VIII,  PI.  XIX,  Fir.  4?.> 
Harpeth  river,  Tennessee,  the  only  locality  yet  reported.     See  under  yraiulin. 

*  Anodonta  imbecillis,  Say. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.Soc.,  Vol.  V,  PI.  VI,  Fig.  6.  Figured  as  Anodonta,  incerta,  Lea.) 
Ranges  from  Central  New  York  to  Georgia,  to  Texas,  to  Iowa.     The  great 
fragility  of  this  species  and  its  brilliant  green  epidermis  will  serve  to  readily  dis- 
tinguish it  from  all  other  Anodontcc. 

\  Anodonta  limiu'iina,  Lea 

/Trans.  Am.  Phil.Soc.  2nd  Series,  Vol.  X.,  PI.  XXVII,  Fi».  .">]  ) 

"Lake  Concordia,   Louisiana."    This  species  is  a  member    of    the  tjrinidis 
group.     Its  specific  value  is  questionable. 

\  Anodonta  oblita.  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phi!.  Soc.  2nd  Series,  Vol.  X,  Pi.  XXV11I,  Fig.  5.'.' 

Campbell  county,  Tennessee.     This  form,  which  is  a  member  of  \\\v  fcrrutsa- 
ciana  group,  is  certainly  synonymous  with  A.  denigratn,  Lea 

\  Anodonta  opaca,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soo.  2nd  S?r:es,  Vol.  X..  PI.  XXV,  Fi<r.  W.> 

Near  New  Orleans,  Louisiana,  and  Little  Rock,  Arkansas.     This  and  ./I.  #  f  <•»»•- 
Lea,  are  synonymous. 


\  Anodonta  ovata,  Lea. 

(Tran>.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  VI.  PI.  II,  Fiji.  2.i 

Ranges  from  Ohio  and  Wisconsin  to  Jackson.  Mississippi.  Specimens  doubt- 
fully referred  to  this  species  have  been  taken  in  Lake  Okobodji,  nortliwewtein 
Iowa.  This  form  groups  with  yravulin. 

+  Anodonta  pavonia,,  Lea 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  VI   PI.  XXI,  Fijr.  «">.) 

Ohio  and  Indiana.     'Ibis  species  is  a  member  of  the  cdcntnln  grouj),  from 
CATAT.«HJUK  4. 


DES  MOINES  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCE. 


which  it  is  not  far  removed,  and  synonymous  with  A.  ivar<l'ni)i«.  Lea,  which 

see. 

I  Anodonta  pcpiniana.  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil  Soc.,  Vol.  VI.  PI.  XVI.  Fig.  51. \ 
Lake  Pepin,  Ohio,     No  further  information  is  accessible. 

•:~  Auodonta  plana«  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  S  >e.,  Vol.  V,  PI. VIE.  Pig.  18.) 

Montreal,  Canada.     From  Ohio  to  Kansas  and  Indian  Territory.     The  original 
locality  was  near  Louisville,  Kentucky.     See  Ano.  grandis. 

I  Anodonla  plicata,  llaldeman. 

(Figured  ?) 
'•Cumberland  river.  Kentucky."    I  know  nothing  more  of  the  species. 

|  Anodonta  salmonia,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soo.,  Vol.  VI.  PI.  XIV,  Fig.  41.) 

Ohio  and  Michigan  to  Illinois.  Abundant  in  Winnebago  county,  .in  the  last 
mentioned  state,  and  near  Indianapolis,  Indiana. 

t  Anodonta  shaiferiana,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am  Phil.  Soc.,  2nd  S?ri;  s,  Vol.  X,  PI.  XXVI,  Fijr.  50.) 
Horn  Lake  creek.  Tennessee,  and  Flat  Hocic  creek,  Indiana.     See  Ano.  eden- 

tul<t. 

Aiuidontti  stenartiana,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  See.,  Vol.  V,  PI.  VI,  Fig.  17.) 

Near  New  Orleans,  Louisiana.  This  form  and  Ano.  opaun,  Lea,  are  un- 
doubtedly synonymous.  Both  forms  are  very  local  in  distribution  and  are  from 
localities — if  not  the  same — i  ot  far  removed. 

*  Anodonta  suborbiculata,  Say. 

(Descriptions  of  the  Shells  of  North  America.    PI.  XI  ) 

Indiana,  Illinois.  Iowa,  and  Kansas.  The  species  is  considered  somewhat 
rare,  though  it  is  abundant  locally;  near  Springfield,  Illinois,  and  Muscatine, 
Iowa.  A  single  specimen  has  been  submitted  by  the  Natural  History  Survey  of 
Kansas,  taken  near  NVosho  Falls,  in  that  State. 

C  A'l  AI.Otil'K    5. 


14  CATALOGUE—  FAMILY 


t  Anodontai  tetrar^ona,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  ::n<l  Series.  Vol.  X,  PI.  VIII,  Fig.  25.) 

"Alexandria,  Louisiana/' A  member  of  the  group  typified  by  Ano.  edentnla 
Say,  to  which  it  is-  closely  related. 

J  Anodonta  Tirens,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  2d  S:  ries,  Vol.  X,  PI.  XXVIII,  Fig.  53.) 
Ked  River,  Louisiana,  near  Alexandria*    Synonymous  with  Ano.  linniniuu  . 
Lea,  which  see. 

f  Anodonta  wardiana,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  VI,  PI.  XIV,  Fig-.  42.) 

Scioto  river,  Ohio,  and  White  river,  Indianapolis,  Indiana.    Synonymous  witfo 
Ano.  pavonia,  Lea.  whieh  eonsult. 


GENUS  MARGARITANA, 


Gills  generally  free  from  the  abdominal  #acT  mid  their  •posterior 
ity  not  united  to  the  mantle;  anal  openinr  not  fringed,  branchial  mostly 
fringed. 

Shell  transverse,  oblong,  equivalve,  covered  with  an  olivaceous  epidennix. 
Hinge  with  a  single  cardinal  tooth  in  the  right  valve,  broad,  erect,  and 
grooved  at  its  apex;  twin  teeth  of  left  valve  strong,  the  hinder  denticulated* 
the  front  narrower,  entire,  pointed;  lateral  tef,th  not  developed.  (II.  &  A, 
Adams. ) 

*  Margaritana  calceola.  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am,  Phil,  Soc.,  Vol.  Ill,  PI.  Ill,  Fiji-,  1,  MS  Unto  calcfiithi*.) 
Ranges  from  Ohio  to  Iowa  and  north  to  Michigan.  It  varies  but  little  through- 
out its  limits  of  distribution.  It  is  most  abundant  in  creeks,  rather  than  in 
rivers,  in  which  respect  it  simulates  the  habit  of  Marg.  hildrelhiama,  Lea.  c<il- 
ceola  is  the  type  of  a  group  which  includes  M.  deltoldea,  M.  minor,  and  M. 
quadrata,  all  of  which  are  believed  to  be  synonymous  with  it. 

CATALOGUE   G. 


BES  MOINES  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCE. 


r*  Mar^aritana  eoiiiplanata,  Barnes. 

(Am.  Jour.  Sol.  and  Arts,  1st  Series  Vol.  VI,  PL  XIII,  Fig*.  17a,  17b.) 
Western  New  'York  to  Alabama;  to  Kansas;  north  to  Lake  Wkinepeg.  It  is 
usually  an  abundant  species  in  the  north  and  west  central  states  and  especially 
•so  IB  those  contiguous  to  the  Mississippi.  This  species  is  very  readily  recog- 
ui/cd  by  its  flattened  aaid  somewhat  circular  outline  and  alate  dorsum.  It  is  our 
.largest 


•*Margaritaiiii  confragosa,  Say, 

(Descriptions  of  tire  Shells  of  North  America,  PI.  XXI.    As  Alatmodonta,  canfragosa.) 

\Vestern  Indiana  k>  Iowa,.    Specimens  liave  also  been  received  from  Trinity 

river,  Texas,  but  fro-in  no  intermediate  stations.     It  appears  to  be  very  abund- 

ant near  Springfield,  Illinois,  but  is  elsewhere  somewhat  rare  and  local.    Des- 

cribed from  Fox  river,  a  tributary  to  the  Wabash. 

f  Margaritaiia  euiTeyana,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  2d  Series,  Vol.  VIII,  PI.  XIX,  Fig-.  41.) 
Stone  river,  Tennessee,  and  Tennessee  river  in  North  Alabama.    These  are 
the  only  localities  yet  reported.    Groups  with  and   probably  a  synonym  of 
Marg.  fabula,  Lea. 

f  Jttargaritana  th'hiseens,  Say. 

(Descriptions  of  the  Shells  of  North  America,  PL  XXI,  as  Unio  dehiscem.) 
This  species,  which  Is  rare  aixl  local,  was  described  from  the  Ohio  river  from 
which  it  ranges  to  Illinois.    Specimens  have  been  received  from  the  Holston 
river,  in  East  Tennessee,  taken  by  Mrs.  Geo,  Andrews. 

*XL  argaritima  deltoidea,  Lea. 

<Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  VI,  PL  XIII,  Fig.  38.) 

This  form  has  the  saire  geographic  distribution  as  Marg.  calceola  with  which 
it  is  certainly  synonymous.  It  is  very  abundant  at  numerous  localities  in  Illi- 
nois and  Indiana. 

rMarsaritanafalmla,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  VI,  PL  XIII,  Fig.  39.) 

Described  from  the  Cumberland  river,  Tennessee,  See  under  Marg*  currey- 
ana* 

CATALOGUE   ?* 


CATALOGUE— FAMILY   UNIONID^S. 


*  Margaritana  hildrethiana,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  V,  PI.  Ill,  Fig.  8,  as  Unio  liitdrethiana.) 
Originally  described  from  the  Ohio  river,  near  Cincinnati.'  Specimens  have 
been  taken  in  the  Des  Moines  river,  in  Central  Iowa,  and  at  numerous  interven- 
ing points.  It  is  one  of  those  forms  which,  like  Marg.  calceola  and  Marg. 
Iwlstonia,  abound  in  creeks.  The  localities  of  greatest  abundance  yet  reported 
are  near  Iowa  City,  Iowa,  and  Indianapolis,  Indiana.  (Lehnert.)  The  species 
varies  little  throughout  its  range. 

t  Margaritana  holstonia,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  VI,  PL  XIII,  Fig-.  3T.> 

Though  credited  to  the  Holston  river.  East  Tennessee,  and  bearing  the  name  of 
that  stream,  no  authentic  specimens  are  known  from  that  location.  His,  how- 
ever, a  form  exceedingly  abundant  in  creeks  and  brooks  in  East  Tennessee  that 
are  tributary  to  the  Holston.  Marg.  georgiana,  Lea,  similarly  abundant  in 
the  streams  of  North  Georgia,  and  Marg.  etowahcnsls,  Lea,  from  the  Etowah 
river,  also  in  northwest  Georgia,  are  synonymous.  The  most  southern  limit 
thus  far  known  is  Coosa  river,  and  Shoal  Creek,  Shelby  county,  Alabama. 

IMargaritana  margaritifera,  Linnaeus. 

(Nat.  Hist,  of  New  York,  Pt.  I,  Vol.  V.    Mollusca.  PL  XIV,  Fig-.  224,  as  Alasmodonta 

arc  tata,  Barnes.) 

This  species  has  a  very  eccentric  distribution.  A  common  form  in  the  rivers 
of  Europe,  it  also  occurs  in  both  eastern  and  western  North  America.  In  the 
northern  states  it  abounds  at  some  points  in  Vermont  and  Massachusetts,  its 
western  limit  over  this  area  being  near  central  Pennsylvania,  but  still  within  the 
Atlantic  drainage.  In  our  area  it  occurs  in  the  Gailatin  river,  and  headwaters 
of  the  Missouri— but  not  east  of  these  points  —ranging  westward  to  British  Col- 
umbia and  California.  In  portions  of  Nevada,  Idaho  and  Utah,  it  is  an  exceed- 
ingly abundant  species,  and  in  parts  of  California  is  used  to  some  extent  for 
food  purposes  by  the  Indians.  Anodonta  nuttalliana,  with  a  similar  distribu- 
tion, but  limited  eastward  by  the  Wahsatch  range,  is  the  only  other  member  of 
the  Unionidaz  which  is  now  known  to  subserve  a  similar  use. 

*  Margaritana  marginata,  Say. 

(Nat.  Hist,  of  New  York,  Pt.  I.  Vol.  V,  Mollu  sea.    PL  XIV.  Fijf.  2,T>.) 
Ranges  from  New  Hampshire  to  Iowa  and  Kansas;  to  Georgia,  in  the  Etowah 
river,  at  Home;  north  into  Canada  in  Itideau-  and  Ottawa  rivers.    This  species 
varies  considerably  at  different  points  through  its  area  of  distribution,  but  is  not 
easily  confused  with  any  other.    The  figure  cited  above  is  a  very  poor  one. 
CATALOGUE  8. 


DKS  M01XKS  ACADEMY  <>F  SCIENCE.  17 


f  Manairilanu  minor,  J 

< 'I  runs.  MU.  I'hiL  S<  <-..  :.'<!  Series,  v.  1.  X.  I':,  viil.  I';-.  iT>.> 

This  isti  Temu-M-t  -.j.rries,  but  is  found  also  in  North  Alahainu  in  stream- 
tributary  to  the  Tennessee  river.  It  irroups  with  Marg.  calceohi  Lea,  which 

M  c. 

I  Jlargaritana  inoiiufloiifa,  Say. 

(Descriptions  of  the  Shells  (if  North  Atm-rica,  1M.  VI  as  r/no  mortodom/ 

This  >iK>ri»'s  \vas  described  from  tlie  Wabash  river.  It  ranges  from  Ohio  to 
the  Ilolston  and  Tennessee  rivers,  and  west  to  the  Mississippi,  in  Mercer  county, 
Illinois.  It  is  not  a  common  species,  and  appears  to  occur  locally  and  not  gen- 
erally between  the  limits  Ivere  indicated.  It  is  usually  considered  to  be  and  dis- 
tributed .as  a  Utiio, 

f  Marii'arilaua  qmidnita,  Lea. 

(Jour.  Phila.  A  ad.  Nut.  Sci..  ~M  Series,  Vo\  V,  PI,  XXXII,  Fi;j-.  27i».) 

Credited  only  to  east  Tennessee.  The  form  groups  with  3//rrr;.  ctilceolu. 
which  see. 

f  Mai'j^aritaua  ravcneliana,  Lea, 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  V,  PI.  XVII,  Fig-.  50.) 

This  form  has  been  credited  only  to  the  French  Broad  and  u  Swananoe"  riv- 
ers. North  Carolina.  It  appears  to  be  rare  and  local.  Its  affinities  are  uncer 
.tain,  unless  it  be  related  closely  to  Marg.  marginata,  which  is  suspected, 
though  the  only  specimens  seen  were  badly  eroded  and  hence  likely  to  mislead. 

*  Margaritana  rugosa,  Barnes. 

(Am.  Jour,  of  Sci.  and  Arts,  1st  Series,  Vol.  VI,  PI.  XIII,  Fi-s.  21»,  :.Mh.) 
Flanges  from  Kideau  ajid  Ottawa  rivers,  Canada,  to  Eastern  New  York;  to 
Georgia  and  Alabama;  to  Neosho  river,  Kansas,  and  north  to  Wisconsin.  Not- 
withstanding so  wide  a  range  the  species  is  very  constant  in  all  its  characters. 
It  is  usually  a  very  abundant  form,  but  west  of  the  Mississippi  much  less  so 
than  eastward.  The  specimens  from  north  Alabama,  (at  Tuscumbia)  are  the 
largest  which  have  passed  in  review. 

rATALOGUK    '.». 


CATALOGUE— FAMILY    VXIOXLD.E. 


GENUS  UNIO, 


Outer  gillunitcd  to  tfic  mantle  as  far  as  its  extremity:  inner  (fill'  not  united 
to  the  foot. 

Shell  cquivalve,  inequilateral,  variable  in  shape,  covered  with  an  olivace- 
ous epidremis;  beaks  usually  eroded  (1),  Hinge  with  primary  teeth,  and 
with  elongated  laterals;  ligament  external,  more  or  less  elongated.  Pallia f 
impression  simple;  muscular  scars  conspicuous.  (H.  and  A.  Adams.) 

f  Unio  abacus,  Ilakleman, 

(Figured?) 
''Tennessee.    No  further  information  is  at  present  attainable. 

\  Unio  aberti,  Conrad. 

( Figured  ?) 
Described  from  the  ;<  Verdigris  river,  Arkansas.'' 

f  Unio  aciUMis,  Lea. 

(Observations  on  the  Genus  T'nio,  Vol.  XIII,  PI.  VIII,  Fi.jj.  24.) 

Holston  and  Clinch  rivers,  east  Tennessee.  This  species  groups  with  Uui<f 
clavus,  Lam. 

*  Unio  a}sopns,  Green. 

(Figured  '/> 

Ohio  to  central  Iowa  and  south  to  the  Tennessee  river  in  north  Alabama. 
Holston  river,  east  Tennessee,  at  Knoxville,  is  the  most  eastern  locality  re- 
ported. This  is  one  of  the  few  species  the  animals  of  which  tire  rubiginose,  or 
salmon  colored. 

f  Unio  aflinis,  Lea, 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Sot1..  -<1  Series.  Vol.  X,  P;.  XIX,  Fiir.  26.) 

Described  from  the  lied  river,  at  Alexandria,  Louisiana.  This  is  the  only 
information  recorded  concerning  the  distribution  of  the  species. 


(1)  An  eroded  beak  is  certainly  not  a  generic-  character,  and  it  is  not  to  be  presumed 
the  author  .so  considered  it.  It  i-  usually  quite  impractical  to  observe  the  character 
of  the  beaks,  since  they  are  eroded  and  this  is  probably  the  meaning  intended.  Com- 
pie: ing  this  portion  of  the  generic  diagnosis  it  would  stand  "licahs  m.dtdate  concentri- 
c-ally or  rugosely  apiculate,  sometime*  smooth." 

CATALOGUE    10. 


DES  MOINKS  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCE. 


•*  I'uio  alatus.  Say. 

;  Am.  .Jour.  Sci.   :ui<1  Arts.  Nt   Scries,  Vol.  XIV.  Fi<r.   17a,  171).    Originally  figured  in 
Nicholson's  Eneyc.,   Vol.  IV,  PI.  IV,  Fiir.  2.) 

Ifangfs  from  Ottawa  river.  Canada,  to  Central  New  York:  to  Michigan  and 
St.  IVier's  i  Minnesota)  river,  in  Minnesota;  to  Big  Sioux  river,  Nebraska; 
Kansatt  to  east  Tennessee,  an<l  North  Alal>ania.  at  Tuscumbia.  Very  slight  dif- 
ferences are  presented  by  this  species  notwithstanding  its  wide  distribution.  It 
i>  the  type  of  a  group  which  includes  U.  hrvissismus,  and  U.  yraciUs,  all 
three  forms  being  bialate,  and  wide  in  their  distribution,  but  all  are  very  distinct. 

i  A  single  valve  is  reported  by  Mr.  T.  II.  Aldrich,  to  have  been  been  found  at 
Troy,  New  York,  but  no  living  shells  are  known  from  that  point.) 

i  1'iiio  aiiHrmis,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Sue.,  :M  Series,  Vol.  VIII,  PI.  X,  Fig-.  13,) 

No  information  concerning  this  species  is  accessible  beyond  that  contained  in 
the  original  descry  tion,  which  locates  it  in  the  Holston  river,  east  Tennessee. 

I  rnio  andwsoiKMisis,  Lea. 

(Ol.sei  \ations  on  thetlcmis  Unio.  Vol.  XIII,  PI.  XII,  Fig-.  33.) 
Holston  and  Clinch  rivers,  east  Tei  riesssee.     This  form  is  a  member  of  the 
group  of  which  U.  edfjarUinKx,  Lea  is  the  type. 

-  1'iiio  anodontoides,  Lea. 

iTnins.  Am.  Pttil.  Soc.,  Vol  IV,  PI.  VIII,  Fig-.  11.) 

Distributed  commonly  from  western  New  York  to  Flint  and  Chattahoochee 
rivers,  Georgia:  to  Trinity  river,  Texas:  north  to  Kansas,  Iowa  and  Michigan. 
This  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  Unioiies  in  our  waters.  Its  light  straw  colored, 
beautifully  rayed  epidermis  serves  to  distinguish  it  from  all  others  of  similar 
form.  I  do  not  understand  exactly  how  the  specific  name  came  to  be  applied. 
It  resembles  an  Anodon'a  in  no  respect  whatever. 

*  Unio  apicnlatiis,  Say. 

(Descriptions  of  the  S'.iells  of  North  America,  Plate  LII.) 

Bayou  Teche,  Louisiana:  the  original  specimens  were  obtained  from  a  large 
pile  of  the  shells,  of  Giuithotlnn  vuncatux  (R<i)iyi<t  cyrenoides)  from  Lake 
Ponehnrtrain.  Specimens  of  the  closely  related  U.  axjjcr,  Lea,  from  Alabama, 
have  been  received  bearing  the  name  ol  this  species.  U.  apecioKu*  and  ?'• 
fnrxhcyi  also  group  here.  I  am  not  sure  that  these  are  all  specifically  distinct. 

CATAUMil    K     11. 


20  CATALOGUE— FAMILY  UN1OMILK. 


f  Unio  appressiis,  Lea. 

;  vations  on  the  Gmus  Qnio,  Vol.  Kill.  PI.  III.  Fig.  s.i 

Tennessee  and  Ilolston  rivers,  at  and  above  Tuscumbia,  Alab;iiJia   and  easi 
Tennessee. 

|  Unio  approximiis,  Lea. 

(Trims.  Am.  Phi'.  Soc.,  :M  Scries.  Vol.  X,  PI.  V.  Fig.  i:*... 

Red  River,    Louisiana.     This  is   a  member  of  the   lutcoln*  gronp:  it  is  ven 
close  to  IT.  hydianus,  Lea. 

f  Unio  arca'formis,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Six-.,  Vol.  IV.  P  .  XVII.  Fig.  44.) 

Clinch,  Ilolston  and  Cumberland  rivers,  Tennessee,  the  last  named  being  the 
original  locality. 

t  Unio  arctior,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Foe.,  Vo'.  VI,  PI.  IV,  Fi-.  10.) 

Ohio  and  Coosa  rivers.     This  so-called  species   is   synonymous  with  U.  gil>- 
hosus,  Barnes,  from  the  type  of  which  it  differs  only  in  the  white  nacre. 

t  Unio  argeiiteiis,  Lea 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  ^nd  Series,  Vol.  VIII,  PI.  XXV,  Fi».  57.) 
Holston  river  and  Conasanga  Creek,  east  Tennessee,  and  Armuchee  and 
Swamp  creeks,  northwest  Georgia.  This  species  is  a  member  of  a  very  numer- 
ous group  illustrated  by  U.  rjldndaceus,  U.  verus,  U.  infttructux.  U.  oviform ix. 
U.  estabrooManus,  U.  troschelianus&RA  others.  This,  together  with  the  rnbiy- 
iiwsus,  cla-vns  and  novi-eboraci  groups,  presents  a  very  considerable  portion  of 
the  synonomy  of  our  UH'IOUC*. 

\  Unio  arkaiiKCiisis,  Lea. 

(Jour.  Acad.  Xat.  Sci.  Phil.,  r»<l  Series.  Vol.  V.,  F'l.  XXX,  Fig.  :.'7.;',.) 

"Hot  Springs,  Arkansas."     This  is  the  only  information  at  present  attainable 
regarding  this  species,  which  appears  to  be  rare. 

I  Unio  ar<]iia1  us,  Conrad. 

i  Figured  ?i 
"Wabash  River,  Indiana."     No  specimens  have  passed  under  notice. 


f'ATAUWUK    \'l. 


DBS  MO  INKS  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCE.  O] 


*  Tnio  asperrijnus.  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  IV.,  PI.  V.  Fi-.  3,) 

Kanges  from  Ohio  to  the  liig  Sioux  Iliver,  Nebraska,  south  to  Trinity  river, 
Texas.  The  form  is  synonymous  with  / "  laclirymoxus,  whicli  see. 

*  Tnio  alrofostatu*,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  :.'(!  Scries.  Vol.  X.  PI.  II,  Fijr.  5.) 

Alabama  and  Coosa  rivers,  Alabama,  to  Cherokee  Nation,  Indian  Territory 
and  Ked  river,  at  Alexandria,  Louisiana — the  last  mentioned  being  the  original 
locality.  It  groups  with  1~.  •ninlnl^t.tiifi  (the  type  of  the  group)  //.  lattco status. 
/'.  i>lic<itns,  I'.  pcri>lit:<itiiH,  F.  liippoptrus,  and  others,  some  of  which  are  cer 
tainly  synonymous. 

t  Unio  barnesianns,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  VI,  PI.  X.,  Fig.  26.) 

Cumberland  river,  Tennessee.  A  species  belonging  in  the  group  typified  by 
/ ".  7m//>i/fN.v/.v. 

I  Unio  bellulus,  Lea. 

(Observations  on  the  Genus  Unio,  Vol.  XIH,  PL  XVII,  Fig.  48.) 
llolston  and  Tennessee  rivers,   from  Muscle  Shoals  upwards.     Belongs  to  a 
UTOUP  which  includes  U.  m?i7id?t.s-  and  similar  closely  related  forms. 

f  lrnio  bian^ulatiis,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Sec..  3d  Series.  Vol.  VIII,  PI.  IX,  Fi».  8.) 

Caney  Kork,  llolston  and  Elk  rivers,  Tennessee.  In  the  Holston  the  speci  - 
is  very  abundant.  It  is  a  member  of  a  very  large  group,  of  which  17.  liytniH..'- 
tinnt<  may  be  considered  the  type. 

f  Unio  biemarginatiiSf  Lea. 

(Jour.  Acad.  Xat.  Sci.  Phi'a.,  :M  Scries,  Vol.  VI.  PI.  XVI,  Fife'.  4').) 
Tennessee  river,  at  Florence,   northwest  Alabama,  tiie  only  locality  yet  re- 
ported.    The  species   is  apparently  ^synonymous  with    /'.  pt.r/>/c..nf.v,    Lea — the 
type  of  the  grouj)  \\it!i  which  it  belongs. 

j  Unio  bi^Jjyeiisis,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phi!.  Poe.  2nd Seriee,  Vol.  VI II,  p.'.XXIl,  Pl«r.  61.) 
Central  (Maury  county),  and  south  (Elk  river),  Tennessee. 


CATALOGUE— FAMILY  UNIOXID/K. 


t  Unio  bourniamis,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soe.  2nd  Series.  Vol.  VIII..  PI.  XV,  Fig.  2S.» 

•'Scioto  river,  Ohio."  This  species  belongs  in  the  group  typified  by  /'.  cd~ 
tja-ri-anus,  Lea. 

f  Unio  brevidens,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc..  Vol.  IV.  PI.  VI.  Fig.  6j 

Clinch,  Cumberland,  Powell's,  Holston  and  Tennessee  rivers,  Tennessee.  It 
is  the  type  of  a  group  including  U.  compact  UK,  r.  penitu*  and  r.  Icinor, 
among  others.  Described  from  the  Cumberland. 

f  I'nio  brevis,  Lea. 

(Observation son  the  Genus  Unio.  Vol.  XIU.  1*1.  XII,  Fig.  :•«.) 
Conasauga    creek,  east    Tennessee,    and  Tennessee  river,    north    Alabama. 
Groups  with  77.  argenteus. 

t  Unio  ceelatus,  Conrad. 

(Am.  Jour,  of  Sci.  and  Arts,  1st  Series.  Vol.  XXV,  PI.  I,  Fig.  2.) 
Powell's,  Clinch,  Holston,  Elk,  and  Tennessee  rivers,  Tennessee. 

t  Unio  caliginosna,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soe..  2nd  Series.  Vol.  X,  PI.  VII,  Fig.  21.) 

Red  River,  Louisiana— the  original  locality—;  Arkansas  to  Devil's  river, 
Texas. 

f  Unio  callosus,  Lea. 

fTrans.  Am.  Phil.  Soe.  2nd  Series.  Vol.  VIII.,  PI.  XXIII.  Fi-.  54- .) 
Described  from  the  Ohio  canal,  at  Columbus.     No  other  localities  yet  reported. 

f  Unio  camelopardilis,  Lea. 

(Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  Vol.  IV,  PI.  LIX,  Fig.  ISd.i 
Tennessee  drainage  of  north  Alabama.     Rare  and  local. 

t  Unio  ('.ameliift,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soe..  Vol.  V,    PI.  XV.  Fi^.  45.) 
Ohio  to  north  Alabama.     Probably  synonymous  with  r.  plicixcolu.*-,  which  see. 


CATALOGUE    14. 


DES  MOIXKS  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCE.  23 


*Unio  camptodon,  Say. 

descriptions  of  Ihc  shells  of  North  America.  PI.  X.LI1.) 

Ohio  to  Alabama:  to  Little  Wachita  river,  Texas;  north  to  Kansas.  This 
species  is  not  far  from  I',  inunutiinx,  Gould,  if  indeed  it  be  not  indentical.  It  is 
t he  type  of  a  group  which  includes  I.T.  tetralasmux,  U.  symmetricus,  and  /.". 
</ct'/rrJ.s-,—  the  first  named  being,  probably,  a  synonym.  Say's  figure,  to  which 
reference  is  given  above,  does  not  well  represent  this  species  as  it  is  usually 
found. 

'*Umo  capax,  Green. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  V,  PI.  IV,  Fig1. 12,  as  Symphynota  gloltosa,  Lea.) 
Ohio  river,  near  Cincinnati,  to  eastern  Iowa, — in  the  Mississippi  river,  at  Mus- 
ratine.     This  form  groups  with  17.  ventricosus,  Barnes,  which  see. 

f  Unio  caix'ratus,  Lea, 

(Trans.  Am  Phil.  Soc.,  2nd  Series,  Vol.  X,  PI.  V,  Fig.  14.) 

Powell's,  Clinch  and  Holston  rivers,  Tennessee.  It  groups  with  U.  drown i*. 
Lea. 

I  Unio  rapillaris.  Lea, 

iTrans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  V,  PI.  II,  F\»:  i.t 
';Ohio.''    No  further  information  is  attainable* 

{  Unio  capsjvforinis,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc..  Vol.  V,  Pi.  II.  Fiir.  4.    The  specimen  figured  is  a  male.) 
Aslunille,  North  Carolina;  Holston,  Clinch,  Cumberland  and  Tennessee  rivers, 
Tennessee.     This  form  groups  with  1\  jwrplc.ru*,  and  is  not  far  removed  from 
it. 

f  Unio  chjittanooii'aeiisis,  Lea. 

(Jour.  A  cad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phi].,  2nd  Series.  Vol.  IV,  PI.  XXV.  Fiir.  '.  0 .; 
Tcuncsstii1  river,  at  Chattanooga:  Etowah   ami  Oostanaula  rivers,  at  Kom«\ 
<;«'orgia:  Coosa.  Cahawba.  and  Alabama  rivers,  Alabama.     This  is  a  member  of 
Hit-  rifiruN  gronj).   Hie  s\  nonomy  of   which    is   very  great.     See  under    I'nio 
'•l<irux.  Lea. 

I  Unio  ciiii'iiiiiationsis.  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  :.'nd  S«M-..  Vol.  VllL   PL  Vlll.  Fi.-.  L) 

This,  a  member  of  thegrouji  of  /".  pcriik.ni^  with  which  it  is  probably  synony- 

CATAi.o<;rK  l.'i. 


v>4  CATALOGUE  —  FAMILY   UNIONISE. 


mous,  was  described  from  the  Ohio  river,  at  Cincinnati.     No  other  locality  has 
been  reported. 

f  Unio  eirculiis,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  Ill,  PI.  IX,  Fig1.  14.) 

Kitchie  county,  West  Virginia,  to  Indiana;  south  to  Tennessee,  in  the  Hols- 
ton  at  Kuoxville.  This  species  is  the  type  of  a  group  which  includes  J\  uni- 
eoJor,  IT.  cashmeus,  and  IT.  lens,  all  of  which  are  believed  to  be  synonymous. 

|  Unio  cirriiiiiactns,  Lea. 

(Observations  on  the  CJenus  Unio.  Vol.  XIII.  PI.  IV,  Fig.  11.) 

Tennessee  and  Holston  rivers.  A  member  of  the  thonttG'nil  group  of 
1'nioiies. 

t  Unio  clarkiamis,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am    Phil.  Soe.,  2nd  Ser.,  Vol.  X,  PI.  XXI.  Fig.  30.) 

u Willianisport,  Tennessee,"  and  in  Chattooga  river,  north-west  (Jeorgia. 
I',  (jerhardtil  is  probably  synonymous.  Tlie  species  is  a  member  of  the  group 
of  77.  ligamentinus. 

t  Unio  clavus,  Lam. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  Ill,  PI.  XII,  Fig.  20,  as  U.  patulus,  Lea.) 
This  species  has  a  very  wide  distribution  east  of  the  Mississippi  river,  ranging 
from  Illinois  to  western  Pennsylvania,  and  south  to  Alabama  and  Tennessee. 
It  is  a  very  variable  form  and  typifies  a  group  which  includes — some  being 
synonymous— 77.  decisus,  77.  concolor,  U.  consanguineus.  77.  pallidofulvus, 
U.  interventus,  77.  crebrivittatus,  77.  chdttanoogaensis,  77.  anaticulus  and 
77.  curtus.  Unio  patulus,  Lea,  is  certainly  synonymous,  and  reference  has 
been  given  to  Lea's  figure  of  that  species  as  a  good  illustration  of  U.  clarux  as 
usually  received  from  correspondents. 

f  Unio  elinclicnsis.  Lea, 

(Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sei.  Cnd  Scries   Vol.  VI,  PI.  XXXVII,  Fig.  91.) 
Clinch,  French  Broad,  Holston  and  Duck-  rivers.  Tennessee.     It  forms  a  mem- 
ber of  the  cuneolus  groun. 

t  Unio  cordiHMis,  Hildreth. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Sot;.,  Vol.  VI,  Pi.  V.  Fig.  !;>.) 

Ranges  from  western  New  York  to  Kansas:  south  to  the  Holston  river.  Ten- 
nessee.  It  is  frequently  confused  with  flattened  forms  of  riihiyiruHstiK,  by  col- 
1  '-tors.  A  variety  from  the  Ohio  river  was  described  as  / '.  ^ould'uinu*.  Ward. 

<AT  A  LOG  UK   16. 


DES  MOINES  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCE.  25 


I  Tnio  compressissimiig,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  :M  S  rics,  Vol.  X.  Pi.  VI  II.  Fi-.  23.) 
Holston  river.  Tennessee.     Is  this  more  than  a  variety  of  Unio 


j  Unio  eonasaugensis,  Lea. 

(Observations  on  the  Genus  Unio,  Vol.  XIII,  Pi.  X,  FL,r.  30.) 

Coiiasauga  creek,  in  east  Tennessee,  and  Swamp  creek,  Whitfield  county, 
(Georgia.  Very  close  to  U.  argenteus  Lea. 

f  Unio  con  radian  us.  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  V,  PI.  IX,  Fig.  23.) 

Southeastern  Virginia;  Asheville,  North  Carolina;  Powell's  and  Holston 
rivers,  Tennessee.  This  species  belongs  to  the  group  of  which  U.  acutissimus 
is  the  type.  U.  pcnicillatus  and  U.  rubellinus  also  group  with  this  species. 

The  species  was  described  and  figured  as  U.  conradicus. 

*Unio  cuoperianus,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  V,  PI.  VIII,  Fig.  21.) 

Ohio  river,  near  Cincinnati,  to  Mississippi  river,  near  Muscatine,  Iowa;  south 
to  the  Holston  and  Tennessee  rivers.  This  species  belongs  to  the  group  typified 
by  U.  piistnlosiis,  Lea. 

fUiiio  copei,  Lea. 

(Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2nd  Series,  Vol.  VI,  PI.  XLVII,  Fi-.  120.) 
"Holston  river,  Smyth  county,  Virginia,"  is  the  only  locality  reported.     The 
species  is  very  close  to  U.  pybasli,  grouping  with  it  and  77.  obscurus. 

fUnio  cor,  Conrad. 

(New  Fresh  Water  Shells  of  the  United  States,  PI.  Ill,  Fig-.  3.) 
Elk  and  Flint  rivers,  Tennessee. 

*Unio  cornutus,   Barnes. 

i  \m.  Jour.  <>r  S:-i  and  Arts,  1st  Series.  Vol.  VI,  PI.  IV,  Fig.,  5a,  5b.) 

Ohio  to  Etowali  rivers,  Georgia;  Coosa  river,  Alabama,  at  Wetumpka;  Ala- 
bama river,  atSelma;  to  Trinity  river,  Texas;  north  to  Kansas,  Iowa,  and  Min- 
nesota. This  species  constantly  maintains  its  own  well  known  characters 
throughout  its  wide  distribution.  There  is  no  other  form  closely  resembling  it. 

CATALOGUE    17. 


CATALOGUE—  FAMILY  UXIOXID^E. 


*  Uuio  crassidens,  Lamarck. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  2nd  Series,  Vol.  VIII,  PL  XVI,  Fig-.  34.    This  is  Lea's  Unie  in*- 
crassatus,  which  is  believed  to  be  equivalent  to  the  crassidens  of  Lamarck.) 

Al'leghany  river,  Pennsylvania,  to  Iowa;  to  Tennessee,  in  the  Holston,  at 
Knoxville;  Etowah,  Oostanaula  and  Ghattahoochee  rivers,  Georgia;  Alabama,. 
Tennessee,  Cahawba  and  Black  Warrior  rivers,  Alabama.  In  the  last  named 
stream  the  species  is  very  abundant  at  Tnscaloosa,  and  also  at  the  Jefferson  coal 
mines,  in  Jefferson  county.  The  largest  specimens  seen  came  from  the  Ala- 
bama, at  Selma,  and  the  Ohio,  at  Cincinnati. 

f-  Unio  creperu^  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  P.  11.  Soc.,  Vol.  VI,  PI.  X.  Fig-.  28.) 
"  Tennessee."    There  is  nothing  further  on  record  concerning  this  form. 

f  Unio  crudus,  Lea. 

(Observations  on  the  Gt-nus  Unio,  Vol.  XIII,  PI.  IV,  Fig-.  10.) 

Clinch  river,  Tennessee,  and  Chattooga  river,  north  Georgia.  Groups  with 
those  forms  which  are  typified  by  17.  argenteus. 

fUnio  ciimberlandicns,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  VI,  PI.  VII.,  Fig-.  19.) 

"Cumberland  river,  Tennessee."  This  species  belongs  to  the  group  of  77, 
iris,  which  see. 

t  Unio  cnneolus,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc..  2nd  Series,  Vol.  VI  II,  Pi.  VII,  Fig-.  3.  i 

Powell's,  Clinch  and  Holston  rivers,  Tennessee.  Belongs  to  the  group  of  77. 
bigbyensis. 

*Unio  rylindriciis,  Say. 

(Am.  Jour,  of  Sci.  and  Arts,  1st  Series,  Vol.  XIV.  PI.  I,  Figs.  13a,  13'j.J 
Ohio  to  Kansas;  Tennessee,  in  the  Holston;  Alabama,  in  the  Tennessee  river. 

near  Florence.    This  is  a  very  persistent  type  of  a  group  of  curiously  tubercu- 

late  Uniones  which  includes  77.  met,anevrus,   77.  wardii,    and  77.  tnbcroxnx. 
The  species  was  originally  figured  in  Nicholson's  Encyc.  American  edition, 

Vol.  IV,  PI.  IV,  Fig.  3.     The  figure  given   in  Barnes'  paper,  and  referred  to 

above,  is  very  characteristic  of  the  form. 

CATALOGUE   26. 


DBS  MOINES  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCE.  27 


•fUnio  fylindrelliis,  Lea. 

(Tr.ins.  AMI.  I'hil.  Soo.,  2nd  Series,  Vol  VI,  PI.  XL VIII,  Fig.  121.) 
Duck  Creek,  'IVmirssrt',  northwest  Georgia,  and  north  Alabama.     This  is  a 
member  of  the  group  of  U.  glans,  with  which  it  is  synonymous. 

f  Unio  dae  tylus,  Lea 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  2d  Series,  Vol.  VIII,  PI.  IX,  Fig.  7.) 
"  Caney  fork,  Tennessee?  "    Can  add  no  further  information. 

•*  Unio  declivis,  Say. 

(Descriptions  of  the  Shells  of  North  America,  PI.  XXXV.) 

Shoal  creek,  Alabama,  to  Bayou  Teclre,  Louisiana.    See  under  17'.  campto- 
don. 

t  Unio  depygis,  Conrad. 

(Figured  ?) 

"Harpeth  river,  Tennessee."    Further  information  upon  this  species  is  very 
much  desired. 

t  Unio  deviatus,  Anthony. 

(Figured  ?) 

"Tennessee."    lean  add  no  information  concerning  this  species  except  that 
it  belongs  to  the  group  of  perplexus. 

t  Unio  diffidlis,  Lea. 

(Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.Phil.,  2nd  Series,  Vol.  VI,  H.  XLlX,  Fig.  124.) 
Headwaters  of  the  Holston  river,  in  Virginia. ;  and  north  Georgia. 

t  Unio  dispansus,  Lea. 

(Observations  on  the  Genus  Unio,  VoK  XIII,  PI.  VI.  Fig.  16.) 
East  Tennessee.    Doubtfully  attributed  by  Mr.  Lea  to  the  Holston  rivet. 

t  Unio  dollahelloides,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  ^nd  Series.  Vol.  VIII,  PI.  XV,  Fig.  31.) 
"Holston  river,  Tennessee."    Ihis  species  is  a  member  of  the    cuneolus 
group. 

*Unio  donariformis,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  Ill,  Pi.  IV,  Fig.  3.) 
Ranges  from  Ohio  to  Kansas,  and  north  to  Michigan  and  Wisconsin.    This  is 

CATALOGUE    19. 


28  CATALOGUE— FAMILY  UNIOXIDvE. 

the  type  of  a  group  which  includes  77.  zigzay  (its  synonym,)    7*.  Heywi^  and 
IT.  lamarckianus. 

\  Uiiio  dorfeuillianns,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc..  Vol.  VI,  PI.  XVII,  Fig.  54.) 

From  the  Ohio  river  to  Kansas  river,"  at  Topeka;  south  to  Trinity  river. 
Texas.  This  species  is  a  member  of  the  piislulosux  group  of  Unirmcs  from  the 
type  of  which  it  is  not  far  removed. 

f  Unio  druniiis,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Pliil.  Soc.,  Vol.  V.  PL  X,  Pig-.  29j 

Cumberland  and  Holston  rivers,  Tennessee.  It  is  very  close  to  77.  capcratus, 
with  which  it  groups. 

*  Unio  ebeims,  Lea. 

(Trans,  ^m.  Phil  Soc.,  Vol.  IV,  PI.  IX,  Fig.  14.) 

Ohio  to  Alabama  river,  atSelma;  to  Kansas;  to  Minnesota,  Mississippi  river. 
77.  globatus, 'U.  snbglobaliis,  II.  leseucrianus,  and  77.  subrotundus,  among 
others,  group  with  this  form,  and  of  them  some  may  prove  to  be  synonymous. 

t  Unio  edgarianus,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Plril.  Soc.,  2nd  Series  Vol.  VIII,  PI.  XV,  Fig.  30.) 
Clinch,  Powell's  and  Holston  rivers,  Tennessee.     This  species  may  be  consid- 
ered the  type  of  a  rather  large  group  which  includes,  with  others,  77.  obunc-us, 
77.  andersonensis,  77.  flavidvs,  and  77.  tuscumbicnsis.    The  group  apparently 
offers  some  interesting  synonomy. 

*  Unio  elegans,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  IV,  PL  IX,  Fig.  13.) 

From  western  New  York  to  Nebraska;  to  Neosho  and  Verdigris  rivers,  Kan- 
sas. It  is  a  fairly  common  species  at  all  points  where  it  occurrs.  Some  of  the 
Kansas  specimens  are  the  largest  and  finest  seen  Groups  with  II.  dotmciformis. 

*  Unio  ellipsis,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  Ill,  PL  IV,  Fig.  4.) 

Ottawa  river,  Canada;  western  New  York;  to  Kansas;  north  to  Minnesota. 
The  original  specimens,  forming  the  basis  of  description,  came  from  the  Ohio 
river.  77.  peulii  groups  here,  and  is  a  synonym. 

CATALOGUE   20. 


DKS  MOIXES  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCE. 


I  Unio  estabrookianus,  Lea. 

(Trnn-.  Am.  I'hil.  Boc..  2ml  Series  Vol.  A',  PL  VI,  Fijr.  17.) 

Clinch.    Holston,  and  Elk    rivers.    Tennessee.     Groups   with    I'.   <mjcnt<-nx, 
\\  hich  see. 

f  Unio  fahalis,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  IV,  PI.  X,  Fig.  16.) 

Ohio.    Indiana,  and  Tennessee.     Say's  7'.  lapillus  is  synonymous  with  this 
species. 

• 
t  U.  fascinans,  Lea. 

(Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2nd  Series,  Vol.  VI,  PI.  XL VII,  Fig.  iis.) 
Holston    river,    Virginia    and   Tennessee;    Chattooga   river,    north  Georgia. 
This  species  is  a  member  of  that  very  extensive  group  typified  by  77".  aryentcu*. 

f  Unio  fat  in  is,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Hoc.,  2cl  Series,  Vol.  VIII,  PI.  XI,  Fi<i.  U.) 
"Holston  river,  east  Tennessee.     Groups  with  U.  iris,  which  see. 

1  Unio  fiavidus.  Lea. 

(Observations  on  the  Genus  Unio,  Vol.  XIII,  PI.  9,  Fig-.  23.) 

Clinch,  Holston  and  Tennessee  rivers.    This  so-called  species  is  very  close  to 
/'.  tu.wicnibiensis  being  a  member  of  the  same  group.     See  under  77.  edgariu- 

n  MX.  Lea. 

t  Unio  florentimis,  Lea. 

(Jour.  Ai-ail.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil..  2d  S<-ri«'s.  Vol.  V.,  PI.  V,  Fig.  2113. > 
Tennessee  river,  Alabama,  near  Florence,  probably  Muscle  Shoals.     A  female 
of  this  form,  from   the  Cumberland  river,  Tennessee,  bearing  the  identification 
of  the  author  of  the  species,  has  passed  in  review.     It  groups  with  /*.  i>n-f)tc.i'us, 
Lea. 

I  Unio  folintus,  Hild. 

(Figured?) 

Described    from   the  Ohio  river.     Specimens  have  been  submitted  from  the 
Holstnn  river,  at  Knoxville,  Tennessee. 


21. 


30  CATALOGUE— FAMILY  UNION  ID J 


*  Unio  forsheyi,  Lea. 

(Jour.  Phila.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  2d  Series,  Veil.  V  PI,  LX,  Fig.  182.) 
Indian  Territory  to  Texas ;  east  to  Big  Prairie  creek,  Alabama.    See  under  17. 
lachrymosus,  Lea,  with  which  the  species  groups. 

*  Unio  fragosns,  Conrad. 

(Mongraph  of  Unio,  PI.  VI,  Fig.  2.) 

Ranges  from  the  Ohio  river  to  Fall  river,  Elk  county,  Kansas.  The  species 
is  often  received  as  U.  asperrimuf,  Lea,  to  which  it  bears  a  close  resemblance. 
It  groups  with  U.  lachrymosus,  Lea. 

f  Unio  fucatns,  Lea. 

(Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  PL  LIX,  Fig.  178.) 

"North  Alabama,"  the  original  locality;  Elk  river,  a  tributary  to  the  Tennes- 
see, but  whether  in  the  Alabama  portion  of  its  course  is  not  known.  Belongs 
to  the  group  of  which  U.  iris  is  the  type. 

t  Unio  fnlgidns,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  2nd  Series,  Vol.  X,  PL  IV,  Fig.  10.) 

This  species,  a  member  of  the  tumescens  group,  was  described  from  the  Red 
river,  at  Alexandria,  Louisiana,  the  only  locality  yet  known. 

t  Unio  gibber,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  VI,  PL  X,  Fig.  30.) 

Caney  Fork,  Tennessee,  a  tributary  to  the  Cumberland.  Is  this  more  than  a 
variety  of  U.  crassidens,  Lamarck  ? 

*  Unio  gibbosns,  Barnes. 

(Am.  Jour,  of  Sci.  and  Arts,  1st  Series,  Vol.  VI,  PL  XI,  Fig.  12.) 
Ottawa  river,  Canada;  central  New  York,  Mohawk  river;  south  to  Bluestone 
river,  Virginia,  and  Tuscumbia,  Alabama;  Kansas;  north  to  Minnesota.  See 
under  U.  arctior,  Lea.  The  species  is  frequently  received  bearing  the  name  of 
U.  rectus,  Lamarck,  from  which  it  is  readily  to  be  distinguished  by  the  coarse 
character  of  the  undulations  on  the  umbones. 


CATALOGUE  2:2. 


DES  MO1NES  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCE.  31 

f-  I'nio  glaher,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  VI,  PI.  X.,  Fig.  29.) 

This  is  a  member  of  the  irix  group,  was  described  from  the  Holston  river, 
Tennessee,  and  has  not  been  reported  from  elsewhere. 

*  Unio  glamlaceiis,  Lea. 

(Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  Vol.  V,  PI.  IX,  Fig.  2^6.) 

This  species  \vas  described  from  the  Cahawba  river,  Alabama.  Specimens 
credited  to  Arkansas,  by  Dr.  Lea,  and  collected  by  Prof.  B.  Powell,  have  passed 
in  review.  See  under  U.  argenteus,  Lea. 

f  Uiiio  uluns  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  IV.,  PI.  VIII,  Fig.  12.) 

Ohio  and  Indiana,  south  to  the  Kentucky  and  Green  Rivers,  and  Tennessee 
drainage  system.  77.  corvunculus,  Lea,  of  Alabama  and  Georgia,  appears  to  be 
closely  related  to  this  species 

t  Unio  global  us.  Lea. 

(Observations  on  the  Genus  Unio,  Vol.  XIII,  PL  I,  Fig-.  1.) 

Credited  to  the  Holston  river,  in  east  Tennessee  and  to  the  Etowah  river,  in 
north  Georgia.  See  under  77  ebenus.  Lea. 

*  Unio  gradlis,  Barnes. 

(Figured  ?) 

This  species  has  a  wide  range  from  Ottawa  river,  Canada;  to  Centra)  New 
York;  Tuscumbia,  Alabama,  in  the  Tennessee  river  and  Spring  creek;  to  Michi- 
gan :  Kansas;  and  south  to  Texas.  It  is  one  of  the  few  alate  species  of  Unio. 
See  under  U.  (flatus,  Say. 

:}:  Unio  graudidens,  Lea. 

(Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliil.,  Snd  Series  Vol.  V,  PI.  XXX,  Fig.  274.) 
Hot  Springs,  Arkansas,  the  only  reported  locality.     It  belongs  to  the  vustu- 
inxiiN  group,  and  is  not  far  removed  from  77.  cooperianus,  Lea. 

*Unio  prranifcrus,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  VI,  PI.  XIX.  Fig.  60.) 

Ohio  to  Iowa,  Mississippi  river.  The  species  been  often  received  under  the 
immp  of  77.  vcrrucosus,  Barnes,  but  is  an  entirely  distinct  form.  Both  ait- 
related  to  the  pustulosus  group,  but  distinguished  readily  by  their  purple  nacre. 

CATALOGUE   23. 


30  CATALOGUE—  FAMILY   UNIOX1IXK. 

\  Unio  habetatus,  Conrad. 

(Figured?) 

"Missouri."    No  further  information  is  at  present  accessible. 

*  Unio  haleianns,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  2nd  Scries,  Vol.  VIII,  Pi.  XXVII,  Fig.  (53.) 

Described  from  the  Mississippi  river,  at  New  Orleans.  Specimens  have  been 
received  from  Mr.  Lea  credited  to  the  Indian  Territory. 

t  Unio  hnysiamiN,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  V,  PL  III,  Fig'.  7.) 

Described  from  the  Cumberland  river,  Tennessee.  It  occurs  also,  in  the  Ten- 
nesse,  Powell,  Clinch,  and  Holston  rivers.  U.  noiverbyawus,  Lea,  is  probably 
synonymous. 

\  Unio  higginsii,  Lea. 

(Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  2d  Series,  Vol.  V,  PI.  XXIV,  Fig.  258. 
Described  from  the  Mississippi  river,  at  Muscatine,  Iowa,  ranging  thence  to 
the  Little  Blue  river  in  Kansas.  If  U.  orbiculatus,  Hildreth,  and  this  form  be 
identical,  which  is  believed  to  be  the  case,  then  Mgginsii  is  a  synonym,  and  the 
range  of  orbiculatus  considerably  increased.  Say  also  described  this  form  under 
the  name  of  U.  ahruptns.  See  "Descriptions  of  the  Shells  of  North  America," 
PI.  XVII." 

f  Unio  holstonensis,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc..  2d  Series.  Vol.  VIII,  PI.  XV,  Fig.  27.) 

This  form  which  groups  with  U.  cuneolus,  was  described  from  the  Holston 
river,  in  east  Tennessee,  and  has  been  reported  from  no  other  locality. 

\  Unio  hydianns,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil,  foe.,  Vol.  VI,  PI.  VI,  Fi;>.  14.) 

This  form,  originally  described  from  the  Bayou  Teche,  Louisiana,  ranges  west 
to  the  Indian  Territory  and  south  to  Trinity  river,  Texas.  It  is  synonymous 
with  U.  luteolus,  Lamarck,  which  see. 

t  Unio  iiiterincdiiis,  Conrad. 

(Monograph  of  Unio,  PI.  XXXV.  Fig.  2.) 
Described  from  the  Nolachucky  river,  Tennessee.     It  occurs  also  in  the  Clinch 

CATALOGUE  24 


DES  MOINES  ACADKMV  OF  SCIENCE.  33 


ami  Ilolston  rivers,  Tennessee,  and  in  the  Tennessee  river,  near  Tuscumbia, 
north  Alabama 

f Unio  interrnptus  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  VI,  PI.  VI,  Fig-.  15.) 

llarpeth  river.  Tennessee.  This  species  is  a  member  of  the  litjd.nu'nthinN 
group. 

f  Unio  iris,  Lea. 

Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Sue.,  Vol.  Ill,  PI.  IX,  Fig.  18.) 

This  species  ranges  from  western  New  York  to  Michigan;  to  Illinois;  and 
south  to  Rock  Castle  creek,  Kentucky.  77.  novi-eborad,  Lea,  is  probably  a 
synonym,  but  not  the  sole  one.  The  form  may  be  considered  the  type  of  a  con- 
siderable group  which,  among  others,  includes  U.  novi-eboracl,  U.  muhlficltli- 
(tuus,  U.  simus,  U  zeiyleriunus,  and  77.  cumberlandiainLS.  The  type  came 
from  the  Ohio  river,  near  Cincinnati. 

t  Unio  irroratus,  Lea. 

(Tra'.is.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  Ill,   PI.  V.  Fig.  5.) 

The  type  upon  which  this  species  is  based  came  from  the  Ohio  river,  near  Cin- 
cinnati. Thence  it  ranges  to  Illinois;  south  to  Tuscumbia,  Alabama,  and  Hols- 
ton  river,  east  Tennessee. 

t  Unio  jonesii.  Lea. 

(Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  Vol.  IV,  PL  LlV,Fi°-.  1H4.) 

The  locality  of  the  type  of  this  species  is  Euharlee  creek,  Georgia.  It  occurs 
in  Swamp  creek,  north  Georgia;  at  Asheville,  North  Carolina;  in  creeks,  Mon- 
roe county,  Tennessee;  and  in  the  Elk  river,  north  Alabama.  It  is  a  member  of 
the  iris  group. 

f  Unio  kirtliindianus,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  S :>c.,  Vol.  V,  Pi.  XIV,  Fig-.  41.) 

The  type  of  this  species— which  is  closely  related  to  U.  coccineus,  Ilildreth— 
was  derived  from  the  Mahoning  river,  Ohio.  Examples  have  been  seen  credited 
to  Grand  river,  Michigan,  and  Waukesha,  Wisconsin. 

fUnio  laclirymosus,  I.ca. 

(Tnuis.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  Ill  PI.  VI,  Fig.  8.) 
Ohio  river,  near  Cincinnati,  to  Kansas  river,  at  Topeka.  '  The  most  northerly 


34  CATALOGUE— FAMILY  UNIONIML 


locality  noted  is  the  lied  river  of  the  North  at  Pembina.     U.  asperriYnus,  Lea,  is 

a  synonym.     Here,  also,  group   U.  fragosus,  U.  spcciosus,  U.  forsheyi,  and  77. 
aplculatus. 

*Unio  laevissimns,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol  III,  Pi.  XIII,  Fig-.  23.    As  Symphynota  Icevissima.) 
Ohio  to  Nebraska;  Kansas;  to  Trinity  river,  Texas.    See  under  U.  (jracllis. 
Barnes. 

f  Unio  lamarckianus,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  2nd  Series,  Vol.  X.,  PL  XVII,  Fig.  20.) 
Caddo  and  Washita  rivers,  Arkansas.     Belongs  in  the  group  of   17.  irrora- 

fM8. 

t  Unio  lawi,  Lea. 

(Observations  on  the  Genus  Unio,  Vol.  XIII.  PI.  2,  Fig.  4.) 

East  Tennessee  and  North  Alabama.  This  species  is  a  member  of  the  clavus 
group,  and  is  confined  to  a  comparatively  small  area  in  the  Tennessee  drainage 
system. 

t  Unio  leuior,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  2d  Series,  Vol.  VIII,  P  .  XII,  Fir.  18.) 
This,  a  member  of  the  perplexus  group,  was  described  from  Stone  river,  Ten- 
nessee, and  has  not  elsewhere  been  found. 

t  Unio  lens,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  IV,  Pi.  VIII,  Fig.  10) 

Ohio  and  Indiana;  Elk  river,  Tennessee.  This  form  is  a  synonym  of  U.  cir- 
culus*  which  see. 

t  Unio  lenticnlaris,  Lea. 

(Observations  on  the  Genus  Unio,  Vol.  XIII,  PI.  IX,  Fig.  27.) 
Described  from  the  Tellico  river,  east  Tennessee.    Specimens  have  been  re- 
ceived from  Coal  creek,  Anderson  county,  Tennessee.     The  species  groups  with 
r.  (trycnteus. 

t  Unio  leslej  i,  Lea. 

(Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Scl.  Phila.    2nd  series,  Vol.  TV,  PI.  LVIII,  Fig.  177.) 
Kentucky  and  Tennessee.     Groups  with  77.  clavus. 

CATALOGUE   26. 


DES  MOINES  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCE.  ;jf> 


t  I'nio  losoiH'rianiis,  Lea. 

(Tnins.  Am    Phil.  Soc..  2nd  Ser.,  Vol.  VIII,  PI.  VIII.  Pig.  •;.,' 

The  type  of  this  species  came  from  the  Holston  river,  east  Tennessee.  It 
ranges  from  Ashcville,  North  Carolina,  to  near  Tuscumbia,  Alabama.  See 
under  U.  chant*.  Lea. 

*  Unio  ligaiiieiitimis,  Lamarck. 

(American  Conehology,  P,.  Vil I,  as  U.  crassus.  Say.    Am.  Jour,  of  Sci  and  Arts,  N 
Series,  Vol.  VI,  PI.  XI,  Fig.  20     As  U.  carinatu^  Barnes.) 

This  species  has  a  wide  distribution  and  is  the  type  of  a  rather  large 
group.  The  extremes  of  distribution,  noted  thus  far,  are  western  New  York 
to  North  Alabama;  to  south-western  Kansas ;  north  to  St.  Paul,  Minnesota.  In 
almost  every  considerable  stream  throughout  this  vast  range  ft  is  a  very  common 
shell.  A  very  peculiar  dwarfed  form  occurs  abundantly  in  the  Holston  river, 
Tennessee,  and  in  the  Tennessee  river,  Muscle  Shoals,  Alabama.  It  is  also  ex- 
tra-Iimital,  being  found  at  Racine,  Wisconsin,  in  streams  flowing  into  Lake  Mich- 
igan, and  hence  in  the  Atlantic  drainage.  Among  the  forms  belonging  to  tiie 
group  of  which  this  species  is  the  type  are  U.  pictus,  77.  menkianus,  U.  linds- 
leyi,  U.  clarkianus,  U.  biting  ulatus,  U.  punvtatus,  U.  pulcher,  U.  interrup- 
tus,  77.  upsoni,  and  77.  psrdix,  some  of  which  do  not  appear  to  be  far  enough 
removed  from  one  another  to  take  specific  rank. 

*  Unio  limlsleyi,  Say. 

(Jour.  Acad.  Xat.  Sci.  Phi'.a..  2nd  Series,  Vol.  IV,  PI.  LV1II,  Fig.  176.) 
"Tennessee,"    See  under  77.  ligament-inus,  Lamarck. 

\  Unio  Hngneformis,  Lea. 

(Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Ph'hi..  2nd  Series,  Vol.  L  V,  PL  LVI,  Fig-.  170.) 

French  Broad  river,  Tennessee,  and  Chattahoochee  river,  Georgia.  It  is  very 
close  to  77.  tener,  Lea,  forming  a  member  of  the  same  group. 

Unio  lunnlatiis,  Pratt. 

(Prop.  Davenp  rt  Ac  id.  Nat.  Sci.,  Vol.  I,  PI.  XXXI,  Fig.  1.) 

This  form  was  described  from  the  Mississippi  river,  at  Davenpert,  Iowa.  It 
groups  with  77.  lachrymo&us,  and  is,  perhaps,  synonymous. 

*  Unio  luteolus,  Lamarck. 

(Nat.  Hist,  of  NLW  York,  Vol.  V,  Part  I,  Moll  t.  sea.  Pi.  XX,  Fijr.  241.  Also. 
in  Am.  .Jour,  of  Sc:.  and  Arts,  1st  Series.  Vo'.  VI,  PI.  XIII.  Fir.  15.  As  t*.  .sfhV/t/oi- 
deus,  Harnes. 

CATALOGUE   27. 


36  CATALOGUE— FAMILY  UNIONIDyE. 


This  is  probably  the  most  widely  distributed  Unio  in  North  America.  The 
extreme  northeastern  stations,  from  which  specimens  have  been  seen,  are  the 
Kideau  canal  and  Ottawa  river,  Canada,  near  Ottawa.  It  ranges  thence  to  west- 
ern and  central  New  York,  to  West  Virginia.  The  most  southwestern  localities 
reported  are  the  San  Antonio  and  San  Saba  rivers,  in  Texas.  The  most  north- 
ern localities  authenticated  by  specimens  are  the  Red  river  of  the  North,  atPein- 
bina,  Lake  Winnipeg,  and  Moose  river,  near  Hudson's  Bay,  A  depauperate  form 
was  collected  abundantly  by  Lieut.  Beale,  in  Texas,  which  presents  a  greater  de- 
gree of  variation  than  exists  between  many  other  Uniones  known  under  various 
specific  names.  A  beautifully  rayed  variety,  occurring  in  the  Ohio,  in  northern  In- 
diana and  in  the  smaller  lakes  of  Michigan  and  Wisconsin  was  made  the  subject 
of  specific  diagnosis  by  Mr.  Anthony  under  the  name  of  Unto  distans.  A  more 
cylindrical  and  somewhat  larger  form,  common  in  Ohio.  Illinois,  Iowa  and  Kan- 
sas, received  from  Mr.  Barnes  the  name  of  Unio  siliquoideus.  The  range  of 
variation  which  this  species  presents  is  more  than  paralleled  by  others  which  are 
types  of  groups  of  wide  distribution — notably  U.  pustulosun,  U.  rubiginosus, 
IT.  undulatus,  and  U.  complanatus.  This  last  named  form  ranges  from  Nova 
Scotia  to  southeastern  Alabama,  is  peculiar  to  the  Atlantic  drainage,  and  is 
known  by  some  sixty  names  between  these  limits.  It  presents  some  of  the 
most  remarkable  synonomy  in  the  whole  family.  In  this,  more  than  in  any 
other  group  of  Uniones,  perhaps,  have  species  been  multiplied  by  the  exaggera- 
tion of  supeificial  differences  and  by  a  failure  to  recognize  the  equally  or  more 
apparent  important  resemblances. 

t  Unio  lyonii,  Lea. 

(Jour.  Acad.  Nat  Sei.  Phila.,2nd  Series,  Vol.  VI,  PI.  XXX 1 1,  Fiir.  74.) 

This,  a  member  of  the  nryenteus  group,  has  been  reported  only  from  east 
Tennessee. 

t  Unio  niaciilatiis,  Conrad. 

(New  Fresh  Water  Shells  of  the  Tinted  States,  PI.  IV,  Fiff.  4.) 
''Elk  and  Flint  rivers,  tributaries  to  the  Tennessee/' 

f  Unio  iiisustiis,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phi'.  Sue.,  2d  Series,  Vol.  VIII,  PI.  XXVI,  Fiy.  (!;•).) 
''French  Broad  river,  east  Tennessee." 

t  Unio  men kian MS.  Lea. 

(Tnu  s.  Am.  Phil.  Sot;.,  Vol.  VI.  PI.  XIX,  Fi>r.  ">J.) 
This  species,   which  is  a  member  of  the  ligcLTtiintinux  group,  was   described 

CATALOGUE  28 


DES  M01XKS  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCE. 


from    tin-  Ilarpcth   river,  Tennessee    aiul  no  other  localities  have  yet  occurred. 
See  under  I'nio  li<j<nni-ntinuN,  Lamarck. 

t  Unio  inemlithii,  Lea. 

tOhsf  rvaiim.s  on  the  (Jenus  I'nio,  Vol.  VIII,  PI.  VI,  Fig-.  214.) 
The  original  locality  of  this  species  was  the  Tennessee  river,  near  Tuscumbia. 
Alabama.     Specimens  have  been  taken  in  Spring  creek,  at  Tuscunibia.     It  be- 
longs to  the  group  of  <ir<n'.nt<'itx,  and  is  rather  close  to  estctbrooManus. 

*  Uisio  inctaiiever,  Ilafinesque. 

(Am.  Jour,  of  Sci.  and  Arts,  latteries.  Vol.  VI,  PI.  VI,  Figs.  7a,  7b.  as  L'tn'o  ncKtotnx. 

Barnes.) 

The  orthography  of  this  word  is  unsettled,  usage  often  sanctioning  mct<n\cv- 
n/.s-.  This  shell  is  a  member  of  the  group  which  includes  77.  t N/KTOXUX,  U. 
irnrdii.  and  7".  i:ijlin<1i"lcus.  Its  range  is  from  the  Ohio  south  to  the  Coosa 
and  Alabama  rivers,  Alabama;  to  Neosho  and  Elk  rivers,  Kansas;  and  north 
to  Lake  Pepin,  Mississippi  river. 

*  Unit)  inississippiensis,  Conrad. 

(Figured  ?) 

This  form  was  described  from  the  lower  Mississippi.  It  is  synonymous  with 
r.  suhrostratus,  Say,  which  see. 

f  Unio  nionodoiitiis,  Say. 

See  under  Mg/rgaritana  monodontd,  Say. 

f  Unio  iiiooresiiiiiiis.  Lea. 

(Jou  .  Acad.  Nut.  Sci  Philn.  Vol.  VI.  PI.  XI VT,  Fig.  37.) 

Clinch,  Holston  and  Tennessee  rivers,  above  Tuscunibia,  Alabama.  This 
form  belongs  to  the  group  represented  by  r.  tlwrnKniii,  and  is  possibly  synony- 
mous with  the  type  of  the  group. 

I  Unio  imihliiehlianus,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Sue..  Vol.  VI,  Pi.  XII,  Fi.j-.3B.) 
"Cumberland  river,  Tennessee."     This  is  a  member  of  the  irix  group,  which 


JI 


CATALOGUE— FAMILY  UNION1D.E. 


*  Unio  multiplicatus,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  Vol.  IV.  Pi.  IV,  Fig.  2.    Soft  parts  figured  in  Jour.  Aead.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phila.,  2nd  Series,  Vol.  IV,  PI.  XXX,  Fig-.  105.) 

Ohio  river  to  Alabama  river,  at  Selma ;  to  Trinity  river,  Texas ;  to  Neosho, 
river,  Kansas;  to  Mississippi  river,  at  Davenport,  Iowa.  This  is  the  type  of  a 
group  which  includes,  among  others,  U.  eightsii  and  77.  boyMnianus,  botli  of 
which  should  be  considered  synonymous  with  it.  Indeed,  it  is  a  matter  of  doubt 
whether  all  of  the  plicate  forms  should  not  group  under  plicalus  as  the  type  of 
the  group.  See  under  U.  plicatus. 

f  Unio  mnltiradiatns,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  III.  PI.  IX,  Fig-.  15.) 

Ranges  from  Ohio  to  Michigan  and  Illinois ;  south  to  Green  river,  Kentucky 
and  Duck  river,  Tennessee.  In  east  Tennessee,  at  Asheville,  North  Carolina, 
and  at  Tuscumbia,  Alabama,  occurs  a  form,  probably  synonymous,  which  has 
received  the  name  of  77.  perradiatus,  Lea. 

f  Unio  mimdus,  Lea. 

(Jour.  Acacl.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  2nd  Series,  Vol.  VI,  PI.  XIV,  Fig.  38.) 

Tuscumbia,  Alabama,  in  Tennessee  river.  See  under  77.  clavus,  Lamarck, 
with  which  it  groups. 

*  Unio  mytiloides,  Rafmesque. 

(Am.  Jour,  of  Sci.  and  Arts,  1st. Series,  Vol.  XXV,  PI.  I,  Fig.  7.) 
Ohio  river  at  Marietta,  to  the  Mississippi  river,  at  Muscatine.  Iowa.     This  is  a 
member  of  a  group  of  wide  distribution  embracing  77.  plenus,  77.  pyrainidatus, 
77.  okliqwis,  and  77.  solidus. 

*Unio  nashvillensis,  Lea. 

<T.an-.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  Vol.  VI.,  PL  XIV,  Fig.  43  ) 
t 
Described  from  the  Cumberland  river,  at  Nashville.  Tennessee.     It  is  synony 

rnous  with  77.  subrostratus,  Say,  which  see. 
tUnio  neglectus,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  2d  S.-iies,  Vol.  IX,  PI.  XLII,  Fig.  10.) 
••North  Alabama."     No  other  information  has  been  attainable. 


CATALOGUE   30. 


DES  MOINES  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCE.  ;>ij 

*  Unio  iiigcrrinius,  Lea. 

.Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  2nd  Series,  Vol.  X,  PL  XVIII,  Fig.  23.) 
Described   from  the  Red  river,  at  Alexandria,  Louisiana.    See  U.  svbniNtm- 
tiix,  Say. 

f-  Unio  iiitens,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  2nd  Series  Vol.  VIII,  PI.  XII,  Fig-.  ]'.).) 
"Long  creek,  Cocke  county,  Tennessee."    This  form  appears  to  group  with 
U  obscurus  and  U.  pybasii. 

f  I'nii*  uotatiis,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  VI,  PI.  VIII,  Fig.  22.) 

This  species— a  member  of  the  iris  group — was  described  from  the  Cumber- 
land river,  Tennessee,  and  has  not  yet  been  found  elsewhere. 

f  Unio  iiovi-eboraci,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  VI  PI.  XXIV,  Fig.  114.    Also  Natural  History  of  NV\\- 
York,  Part  I,  Vol.  V,  Mollusca,  PI.  XX,  Fig.  240.) 

Ranges  from  central  New  York  to  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  Illinois.  See 
under  U.  iris,  Lea. 

*  Unio  obliqmis,  Lamarck. 

(Figured  ?) 

This  form  is  the  type  of  a  group  of  Uniones,  which  includes  U.  mytiloides 
and  the  other  species  named  in  connection  therewith.  It  is  rather  commonly  dis- 
tributed from  the  Alleghany  river  to  Tuscuinbia,  Alabama,  Muscatine,  Iowa,  and 
St.  Peter's  river,  Minnesota. 

t  Unio  obsenrus,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil  Soc.,  Vol.  VI,  PI.  Ill, Fig.  7.) 

Cumberland  river,  at  Nashville,  Tennessee.  Groups  with  U.  nilens,  Lea,  and 
V.  pybdsii,  Lea. 

t  Unio  obiini'iis.  Lea. 

(Ohscrvationa  on  the  Onus  Unio,  Vol.  XI11,  PL  II.  Fig.  5.) 

The  distribution  of  this  form,  which  is  a  member  of  the  edgartttnns  group,  is 
quite  local  and  confined  to  the  drainage  of  the  Tennessee  at  and  below  Knox- 
ville  to  Muscle  Shoals. 

CATALOGUE   31. 


40  CATALOGUE— FAMILY  UNIOXID^E. 


*  Uiiio  occidens,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  sOc.,  Vol.  Ill,  PI.  X,  Fig.  16.) 

This  species  has  a  very  wide  range,  is  common  wherever  it  occurs,  and  is  a 
member  of  the  large  group  typified  by  U.  ovatvs,  Say.  It  ranges  from  Ottawa 
river,  Canada,  to  Western  New  York,  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio;  southwest  to 
Indian  Territory  and  north  to  Nebraska  and  Minnesota.  '  In  the  belief  that  this 
form  is  synonymous  with  77.  ventricoxns  Barnes,  that  name  has  been  affixed  to 
all  specimens  distributed  by  the  reporter.  Say  evidently  so  regarded  it  inas- 
much as  his  figure  of  ventricosus  (Descriptions  of  the  shells  of  North  America, 
PI.  XXXII.)  appears  to  be  identical  with  Lea's  figure  of  occidtns.  The  beau-, 
tifully  rayed  specimens,  such  as  served  for  the  illustrations  oi  both  Say  and  Lea, 
are  exceptionally  rare,  and  do  not  represent  the  form  as  commonly  found. 
With  this  form  group  77.  capax  and  77.  canadensis. 

\  Unio  oceidentalis,  Conrad. 

(Monogiaph  of  Unio,  PI.  XXXVI,  Fig-.  1.) 
"  Currant  river,  Arkansas." 

*TJnio  orbiculatus,  Hildreth. 

(For  illustration  reference  see  77.  hiaginsii,  Lea.) 

Eanges  southwest  from  the  Ohio  to  the  Cumberland,  west  to  Davenport,  Iowa, 
and  Blue  river,  Kansas.  See  under  77.  Myginsii,  Lea.  77,  pinyuis  groups  here, 
and  is  probably  synonymous. 

t  Unio  ovatus,  Say. 

(Am.  Jour,  of  Sci  and  Arts,  1st  Series.  Vol  XIV,  PI.  I,  Fig-s.,  21a,  21b.  Also  well  figured 
by  Lea  as  17.  excavatus.) 

This  is  the  type  of  a  very  large  gioup  of  widely  distributed  Unirmcs.  It 
anges  from  the  Alleghany  river  to  Central  New  York  and  south  to  the  Tennes- 
see and  Holston  rivers.  In  the  Black  Warrior,  Alabama,  Cahawba  and  Coosa 
rivers,  Alabama,  is  a  very  closely  related  form,  which  passes  under  the  name  of 
77.  excnvdtus. 

tUnio  oviformis,  Conrad. 

(New  Fresh  Water  Shells  of  the  Unit<  d  Stti'os,  PL  III,  Fig-.  6.) 
Clinch  river,  Tennessee.     It  belongs  to  the  gvcup  of  argmtius. 


CATALOGUE    32. 


M«:s  MOFNKS  ACADEMY  <>F   SCiKNCE.  41 


*tlnio  parvns.  names. 

(  lour.  Acii'l.  Nsit.Sci.  Phil.  .Vol.  IV.,   PI.  XXIX,  Fijrs.  l<r.'.  Kr.'a;  soft  |>;. 
hcr<-  fijnired.) 

Western  New    York  to  Tusenmbia,  Alabama;  to  Jackson,  MissMsijtfH: 
<lian  Territory  and  Kansas:  to  Lake  Pepin.  Mississippi  river.     This   species  is 
ihc  type  of  a  -group.  t\vo  members  ol'  which  are  /  '.  rrfmiwcUii,  and  7..".  imulitN. 

f  Unio  patnius,  Lt^a. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Sot-.,  Vol.  Ill,  PI.  XII4  Fijf*a0.f  »il.; 

Alh'U'liany,  Ohio  and  Scioto  rivers:  Holstoii  river,  Tennessee.     Tliis  form  i> 
identical  with  T.  c///r».v,  Lamarck,  \vliicli  see  for  further  syn.-momy. 

I  Unio  pattinoides,  Lea. 

(Observations  on  the  Genus  Unio,  Vol.  XIII,  PI.  VJJ1,  f%.  :•:;..  :.<  1 

Clinch  and  Holston  rfve"rs,  east  Tennessee.    This  form  is  a  member  of  the 
group,  and  is  close  to  U.  nuiiHlu*,  Lea. 


\  Unio  pealii,  Lea. 

(Oliscrvations-ftn  the  Genus  Unio,  Vol.  XIII,  PI,  VII  i,  Fi^.  ^;!j 

Kansas  river,  at    Topeka.     Belongs  with    /".  eiiipsis,  from  which  it  is   quite 
eiearly  wot*dis-tinct. 

f  Unio  pectorosus,  Conrad. 

(New  Fresh  Water  Shells  of  the  United  States.  Pl."Vl,-Fl£v*.«)'  ' 
A  species  of  the  owitns  group,  frolii  the  Klk  and  Tennessee  rivers,  Tennessee. 

f  Unio  perdix,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  V,  PI.  XI,  FIgi'Slv>-  '  .^IH»«I»->«J  >.ln  !  . 
Harpeth  and  Elk  rivers,  Tennessee.     This  rnio  is  a  member  of  the  I'ujinncn- 
Uniix  group,  and  is  very  close*  to  -P.  piotus  and  U.  rnenltliituix.  whicli  see. 

Unio  pornodosns,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  i<oc..  :.jid  Seriee.  l^Ql.  X,  PI.  IIJ.  Fi^.  8. 

From  western    North  Carolina.     This  shell  gi'oups   with  r.  i>n«1nl<,*us,  and 
has  many  points  of  resemblance  to  T<T;>coopciri<m'ii8^  Lea. 


f  Unio  porplexus.  Lea. 

<Trsms.  Am.1  Phil.  Sot-..  V»)|.  IV,  PI.  XVII.  Fi-r.  •[*-.)       '    - 

Ohio  and   Indiana  to    the  Clinch,   Ilolston  and  Tennessee  rivers.     This  is   rhe 
type  of  a  considerable  group,  most  forms  of  which  are  probably  synonymous,  'HI- 

CATALOGUE  33. 


42  CATALOGUE—  FAMILY 


eluding   U.   Cdpscrfonnix,    77.   tnrr)i<lul.tts.    r.   r<tn(ji<nu<s,   7".   xnnipwinii,    /'.. 
stewardsonii  and  others. 

t  ITnio  perpietus,  Lea. 

(Jour.  Acad.  Xat.  Sci.  Phil..    Vol.  IV.  PI.  LVIII,  Fi^.  J75.) 
Holston  and  Bull  rivers,  Tennessee.     This  is  a  member  of  the  Iris  group,  ami 

appears  to  be  synonymous  with  its  type. 

». 

*Unio  pprpliratiis,  Conrad. 

(Figured  ?) 

This  form,  which  ranges  from  Jackson,  Mississippi,  to  the  lied  river,  in  Ar- 
kansas, is  a  member  of  the  midulutus  group,  which  see. 

f  Unio  perpurpiireus,  Lea. 

(Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Fhila..  :."d  Series.  Vol.  VI.  PI.  XVI.  Fi<r.  ^4  i 
"  Tennessee."    No  other  information  is  available. 

t  Unio  pprradiatiis,  Lea. 

(Jour.  Aetul.  Xat.  1-  ci..  Phila..  2nd  Series,  Vol.  V.  PI.  VI.  Fiu.  »M5.) 
French  Broad  river,  North  Carolina,  Holston  and  Tennessee  nveis,  Tennessee, 
and  Tennessee  river,  near  Tuscumbia,  Alabama.     See  under  7T.  ninUir(nliutu*. 
Lea. 

t  Unio  personatus,  Say. 

(Fifi-ur.'d  ';) 
"Wabash  river,  Indiana."     A  member  of  the  i>erijh.niH  group. 

|  Tnio  potriniis.  (Jould. 

(Fi'-nuv<;  V) 
Southeast  Kansas  to  Trinity  ai  d  Bra/os  rivers.  Texas. 

*Uiii«  pliaseolus,  Hildictli. 

(Traiis.  Am.   Phil.  Soc..   Vol.   III.   PI.    IX.   Fi>r.  K5.  as   r.  planu'atu*,    F.ca:  ;  iso 
Descriptions  of  ll:e  Shells  oi  Xorth  America.  Say,  PI.  XXII.) 

Western  New  York  to  North  Carolina,  in  the  French  Broad  river;  Tennessee 
and  Alabama,  in  the  Elk,  Clinch,  Holston  and  Tennessee  rivers:  Indian  Terri- 
tory, Kansas.  Minnesota,  Michigan,  and  intei  veiling  states.  The  Clinch  river 
form  is  Lea's  /  '.  came.!!!*,  which  see.  This  species  is  the  type  of  a  group  which 
includes  T.  r<ninl«*.  I'.  triii(U:rix,  I',  it  <>(»lir<irUi<niii>>,  ami  /'.  f<.i-nntn'mnn.K. 


DES  MOINKS   ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCE.  4;; 


The  specimens  seen  from  Indian  Territory  and  Kansas  are  beautifully  ornamented 
with  numerous  irreen  rajiillan  rays.  The  soft  parts  of  phasroln*  are.  finely 
timired  in  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  SH.  I  liila..!2nd  Series,  Vol.  IV.  PT.  XXIX,  Fig.  101, 

I  Unio  ]>!iilli{isii.  Conrad. 

(Moniirji-ph  of  I'nio.  PI.  V.  Fi>r.  I.) 
"Ohio  river."     I  'Hongs  to  the  group  of  f.  nictuntvcr? 

I  Unio  pictus,  Lea. 

(Trans,  Am.  Phil.  Sot.-.,  Vol.  V.  PI.  XI,  F;jr.  :£.) 
Harpetli  rivei1.  Tennessee.     See  under  V.  ligament-inns,  Lamarck. 

f  Unio  pilaris,  Lea. 

(Trs.ns.  Am.  Phil.  S«  c.,  2nd  Series,  Vol  VIII,  PL  XIV,  Fi;,'.  24.) 

French  Broad  river,  North  Carolina,  and  Holston  river,  Tennessee.     See  under 
U.  ebcnitK,  Lea. 

f  Tnio  pilens.  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  ?oe.,  Vol.  IV.  PI.  XVIII,  Fi«.  47.) 
Oliio  river,  Cincinnati.  Ohio. 

*  Unio  pinguis,  Lea. 

(Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phi!..  2nd  Series,  Vol.  IV,  I  1.  XV.  Fijr.  58.) 
St.  Peter's    (Minnesota)  river,  Minnesota,  and,  doubtfully,  Ohio  river  at  Cin- 
cinnati.    Groups  with  U.  tirbiculdtua,  Hildreth. 

t  Unio  planieostatus,  Lea. 

(Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2nd  Series,  Vol.  IV,  PI.  MX.  Fi.u-.  iT'.t.) 
Clincli  river,  Tennessee,  and  in  Tennessee  river,  near  Tnseumbia,  north  Ala- 
bama. 

t  Unio  planior,  Lea. 

(Jour.  Ac.-Ml.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  :nd  Scries   Vol.  VI.  J>].  I,.  Fio-.  i-.'«i., 
South-west  Virginia  and  east  Tennessee,  in  the  headwaters  of  the  Holston 
river.     The  species  belongs  with  the  nnn'tth  ux  jrroup. 

t  Unio  pleniis.  Lea. 

(Trims.  Am.  Phil.  Soc..  2nd  Seiies.  Vol.  VIII,  Pi.  XIV.  F:-J.    u 
Ohio  river  lo  Holston.  Tennessee  and  Alabama  rivers.     See  under  /;.  •mtftil- 

CATAI.tx.I   K    85, 


44  ( ' A TA 1 ,0< JU !<:- -FA M I LY  UNION ID.K. 

*Unio  piiculiiv.  Le,  Sueur. 

(Fijrmvd  ?i 

Tliis  is  a  widely  distributed  form  belonging  to  the  group  of  which  IT.  undnltt 
fu,s,  Barnes,  is  the  type.  It  ranges  from  the  Ohio  to  the  Cumberland,  to  Kansas. 
to  the  Red  river  of  the  North,  at  Pembina.  r.  piiuciplictitu*.  Lea.  from  Texas, 
groups  her^,  and  is  a  closely  related  form. 

\  (Jnio  popenoi,  Call. 

(Bull,  of  the  Wasliburn  Coll.  Laboratory  of  Nat.  Hist.  Xo.  II,  Pi.  IT,  Fi«fs.  1—4.) 

Fall  and  Verdigris  rivers,  soutlieast  Kansas.  A  member  of  the  irrorutux 
group. 

t  Unio  powellii,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  S<x-.  :,'nd  Scries.  Vol.  X.  I'  .  XIX,  Fiji'.  :';">.> 

Thi,-  sjiecies,  a  member  of  the  hitcoltt*  group,  has  been  reported  only  froiu 
the  original  locality — the  Saline  river,  Arkansas. 

*Unio  pressus,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.   Sor..  r.Vl  Spri;>s.  Vol.  111.  PI.  XII.  Fi«\  'Jx'.  as  S////i/>/J//»'»fa 
co)npre»»a.  Lea.) 

Rideau  river,  Canada,  to  central  New  York,  to  Nemaha  river.  Nebraska,  to 
Wisconsin  and  Michigan. 

f  Unio  propuiqiuis,  Lea 

(Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sri.  Phi.'a,,  L'nd  S.-rit-s.  Yi.J.  V,  PL  V,  Fiu-.  ;-'1:3.) 

Clinch.  Holston  and  Tennessee  rivers,  to  Tuscnnibia,  Alaltama.  This  is  a 
member  of  the  perple.rn*  srroup.  from  some  forms  of  \vhichit  may  not  prove- 
specifically  distinct. 

il  iiio  piulicns.  Lea. 

(Jour.  Acad.  Xat.  Sei.  1'hiln.,  2d  St-ries,  V«i!.  IV  PI,  LVI.  Ki-.  171. i 

Elk  River,  Tennessee  and  north  Alabama.  Very  dose  to  /m//>]/n».v/x.  whicti 
si^e. 

I  I'nio  pulolier,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc..  Vol.  VI,  PI.  III.  Fi<»    i;  > 

Nashville.  Tennessee,  in  the  Cunibcrlftiid  river.  (Jroups  with  ligament  inns, 
Lamarck. 

CATALOGUE   3<), 


*  I'lii"  jHiIvinnly-.  Lea. 

T«n*.A«,  Ptai 

Murray  county.  Tennessee.    Thi-  api- 
louioons  with  U.  eiir*!**,  Lea. 


%*mr.  Ac-vi.  Xat.  Ski  'Phi  la.  24  0trfeK*'*»t.  r  j.  PI.  ;- 
Elk  and   Caney-fork    ifms.   Texmenee,  and 


•       '    '.. 
•  f  uiee**,  JTil^cpifi 

-  H«fekMi  riret.  Tea 


in.  PL  VTJ.  PI*.  *.  *.  n'«ter 

•-  - . 

•cg*s  tte  ^••rfN  i  <TWfeto  ferfihtoL    Bia^K 

the  Bl**  Waimr.  Cahawba. 

nvtE,  •Mtfcwe*t  GcMgia. 


itha»te 

of  r.  jiailMfj  !•  i.  Lea—  wfcfc  wMtfc  it  omp*  avi  taw  vMcav 


-  :  r    -         •«::'.-         -         .»     -  - 

-*aa  ar> 
a«- 

"cr*i   fiwm  *f 
Crfifltw^^.  ::***  :*-^->:  rr*tet  13^  aaafc* 'X  !>&, 


4(j  CATALOGUE— FAMILY  UNIONIM?. 


ties  have  been  severally  called'  U.  sph^ricus,  IT.hvustonensls,  U.  wimolcniftii.. 
U.  prasinus  and  U.vullatus,  all  of  which  group  in  a  natural  assemblage  with. 
the  early  described  U.  pustulosits  as  the  type. 

f  Unio  pybasii,  Lea. 

(Jour.  Aead.  Nat.  Soi.  Phila.,  Vol.  V.  PI.  VI.  Fiy.  21ii.) 
East  Tennessee  and  North  Alabama.     Groups  with  /'.  obscunis,  and  {'.  tcncr. 

*  Unio  pyramitlatiis,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  IV,  PI.  XVI.  Fig.  39.) 

Ohio  to  the  Alabama  river,  at  Selma;  to  Kansas:  to  Rock  river,  Wisconsin. 
See  under  U.  obliquus,  Lamarck. 

f  Unio  radiosus,  Lea. 

(Observations  on  the  Genus  Unio,  yo!.  XIII,  PI.  Ill,  Fig-.  5>.> 
Holston  river,  Tennessee,  and  Tennessee  river,  north  Alabama. 

f  Unio  rangianus,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  PhiL  Soc.,  Vol.  VI,  PI.  XVIII,  Fig.  56.> 

Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  and  Michigan.  Belongs  to  the  group  of  piT/>/<.n/.v. 
which  see. 

fUnio  ravcnelianns,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  V,  PI.  Ill,  Fig.  5.) 

Asheville,  North  Carolina,  and  Black  Warrior  river,  Jefferson  county,  Ala- 
bama. 

*  Unio  rectns,  Lamarck. 

(Am.  Jour,  of  Sci.  and  Arts,   1st  Series.  Vol.  VI    PL  XIII,   Fig.  11,  as  Unio 
prcelongus,  Barnes.) 

This  is  one  of  the  most  widely  distributed  species  in  the  United  States.  It 
ranges  from  the  Rideau  and  Ottawa  rivers,  Canada,  to  western  New  York;  Ala- 
bama river,  at  Selma;  to  Texas;  to  Kansas  and  north  to  the  Red  river,  at  Pem- 
bina,  Its  characters  remain  quite  constant  over  all  this  vast  area.  It  appears  to 
group  with  Unio  anodontoid<  s,  though  totally  different  in  color  and  ornamen- 
tation. It  is  often  confounded  with  U.  gibbosiis,  but  the  latter  has  less  fre- 
quent and  much  coarser  undulations  on  the  umbones,  and  much  heavier  lateral 
teeth.  The  species,  as  it  usually  occurs,  has  an  in  idescent,  deep  purple  nacre, 
but  individuals  entirely  or  partially  white,  in  respect  to  thvj  nacre,  occur  abund- 
antly 

CATALOGUE   38. 


DKS   MOINKS  ATADKMY   OF  SCIENCE.  47 

f  Unio  recnrvatns.  Lea. 

!<>hs(  rxiitions  oil  the  (Jeinis  I'nio.  \'ol.  XHI.  PI.  II,  Fig.  6.) 

Tennessee  and  Holstoii  rivers,  above  Tuscumbia,  Alabama.  This  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  <'I>cintx  group,  and  piobably  synonymous  \vith  I',  ijlohntns  and  U. 
•xiilnjlulHrtiix.  which  see. 

{:  Unio  rcevianus,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc..  id  S  rles,  Vol.  X,  PI.  XX,  Fiji-  2K.) 
lied  river,  at  Alexandria,  Louisiana.     A  member  of  the  Intcolus  group. 

f  Unio  regiilaris,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc..  ;,'d  Series,  Vol.  VIJI,  PI.  XXV.  Fig.  ^U 
"French  Broad  river,  east  Tennessee." 

t  Unio  rctustis,  Lamarck. 

(Figured '.') 
Oliio  to  Illinois  in  tlu1  Mississippi  river:  south  to  the  Holstoii  river,  Tennessee. 

tl.'nio  rotundatiis,  Lamarck. 

(Figured ':)  • 

'I'lie  only  specimens  \\hicli  have  come  under  notice  were  from  Louisiana.  No 
authentic  record  of  this  form,  vero,  is  known  outside  that  state,  though  Lea 
credits  it  to  the  Ohio  river.  (Synopsis  of  the  Family  Unionidje,  4th  Ed.  P.  100.) 
While  this  is  a  true  I'nio  it  lias  a  greater  resemblance  to  a  very  large  Cyr<  ha 
than  to  any  other  familiar  shell.  The  epidermis  is  velvety  and  jet  black.  Con- 
rhologists  appear  to  have  confounded  oval  forms  of  U.  ebtnus,  of  the  Ohio 
drainage  with  Lamarck's  species,  which  is  unique  among  American  1'ninniiltr. 

*  Unio  nilriu'iiiosiis.  Lea. 

(Trai.s.  Am.  Phil.  Snc.,  Vul.  III.  PI.  VIII,  Fig.  10.) 

Kanges  from  central  New  York,  in  the  Erie  Canal  at  Mohawk,  to  Jackson. 
Mississippi ;  to  Trinity  r.\ er.  Texas :  north  to  Indian  Territory,  Kansas :  Nebraska  ; 
lo  Minnesota  and  Wisconsin.  There  is  a  very  instinctive  synonomy  in  the  group 
which  this  species  typilies  embracing,  among  others,  J'.  rabid nx,  I'.  /H(/«///.y, 
r.cluinii  I',  riddcllii  and  I'.  <-lii<-k«x<tirrnxix.  This  species  is  a  very  varia- 
ble one  due  probably  to  the  diverse  physical  conditions  imposed  by  its  extensive 
distribution.  It  is  usually  a  very  abundant  species. 

c  \r.u.o<;rK  39. 


48  CATALOGUE-FAMILY   UN  IOXIDJE. 

f  Unio  sampsonii,  Lea. 

(Jour.  Acad.  Nat  Sei.  Phila.,3ml  Series,  Vol.  V.  PI.  XXV.  Fisr.  ~;(>l.i 
Wabash  river.  Indiana.     This  is  a  synonym  of  / '.  in-ri>lf::rus,  which  sec. 

\  Unio  satur,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  2nd  Series,  Vol.  X,  PI.  XVII,  Fig.  19.) 
Alexandria,  Louisiana,  in  the  Red  river.    A  single  specimen  labelled    Games 
Creek,  New  Mexico,  lias  passed  under  review.     Thi*  is  a  member  of  the  rcntri- 
coxus  group,  and  very  close  to  the  female  of  U.  occ'xlen*. 

*  Unio  schoolcraftii,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc..  Vol.  V.  PI.  [Ji.  Fig.  '.t.  Ha  I'.wlioolcra-ftengis.) 
Ohio  to  the  Des  Moin.es  river,  Iowa;  to  .Wisconsin  and  Michigan.     See  under 
U.  pustulosus,  Lea.     This  is  Conrad's  U.  prasimi*. 

t  Unio  scitulns,  Lea. 

(Jou .-.  Acad.  Xat.  Sei.  L'hila.  Vol.  IV.  1'i.  LV.  Fig.  JU7-) 

"Tuscumbia,  Alabama."  Groups  with  an  assemblage  of  small  and  beautiful 
Uniones  of  which  U.  radians  and  U.  plancus  are  typical. f  • 

*  Unio  securis.  Lea. 

(Tijans.  Am.  Phil.  So-,.  Vol.  Ill,  PL  XI.  I'i^.  17.     An.l  S:iy's  "  J)e  H~:  iptions  «,f  t  he- 
Shells  of  Xoi-th  Am  Tiea,  PI.  XLV1II,  a  ••  r.  liun>l<itux.  Ratines  inc.) 

!      !,~I    ;!ti      •,-.•;. Mf.iii"  f     fCirfltJ 

Ohio .lo  Kansas,  in  the  Xeosho  river:  to  (Georgia,  in  the  .Etowah  river:  to 
Ala!»;.m:u  in  the  Coosu.  Black  Warriou  and  Alabama  rivers;  to  Iowa  and  Wis- 
consin. 

:  i  -I.,  /     iiu'urrn  '•" 

t  Unio  simus,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  VI,  PI.  VI  H.  Fi^.  ;^i.; 

Cumberland  riveiy  Tennossee,  :awd)  Swamp  Creek,  Whitfield  county,  Georgia. 
Groups  with  !'.  i,'i«,  l.ca. 

. ,.' 

*  Unio  soliilns.  Lea. 

- 

(Tnm>.  Am.  Pnil.  S  .e..  Vol.  VI.  P..  V.  Fig.  i;jj 
Ohio  to  Kansas.     G-roups  with  r.  ohliquiis,  Lamarck,  which  >ee. 

t  Unio  sowerbianus9  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  V.  PI.  X,  Fig.  28.) 

Hlk  and  Powell's  rivers.  Tennessee,  and  Tennessee  river,  north  Alabama. 
CATALOGUE   40. 


DKS  MOIXKS  ACADEMY  OF   SCIKNVK.  4<) 


lUnio  sparsus,  Lea. 

(Tram.  Am.  I'hil.  S<.<-.,  :.M  Series,  Vol.  VIII.  PI.  XXV.  Fig.  :,s., 
••  Ilolston  river. 


I  Unio  spams,  Lea. 

(Jour.  Ara.l.  Nat.  Sri.  Fhihi.,:.'ml  Series,  Vol.  VI,  PI.  XLV11,  Fig.  11!).) 
Kentucky,    east    Tennessee,    and    northwest  Georgia,    in    Whitfield  county, 
Swamp   creek  —  tlic  last  named  being  the   locality  of  the  original  specimens. 

;:  I'nio  spatiilatus,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  2nd  Series,  Vol.  X,  PL  VIII,  Fig.  23.) 

Western  New  York  to  central   Iowa;  to  Wisconsin,  Minnesota  and  Michigan. 
This  species  usually  occurs  abundantly. 

*  Unio  sphaericus,  Lea. 

(Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  2nd  Series,  Vol.  VI,  PI.  LI,  Fijr.  1:52.) 
Alabama  and  Cahawba   rivers,    Alabama,  to  Indian  Territory  and  south  to 
Trinity  river,  Texas.     See  under  U.  pustulosus,  Lea. 

t  Unio  stewardsonii,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  2nd  Series,  Vol.  X,  PI.  XXIII,  Fig.  38.) 
'•Chattanooga,"  Cumberland,   and  Hoi  ston  rivers,  Tennesssee,  and  Tennessee 
river,  north  Alabama.     This  is  a  member  of  the  group  of   perplcxus,  which  see. 

f  Unio  stonensis,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  2nd  Scrios,  Vol.  VIII,  PI.  VIII,  Fig.  5.) 
"  Stone's  river,  Tennessee;  "  —  a  tributary  to  the  Cumberland. 

+  Unio  suberoceus,  Conrad. 

(Figured  ?) 
"Canadian  river.  Arkansas."     No  further  information  has  been  accessible. 

t  Unio  snbg-lobatus.  Lea. 

(Observations  on  the  <J<MMIS  [Jtilo,  Vol.  XIII,  PI.  I,  Fi»r.  y.i 

Centra]  and  east  TeniK-see,  and  north  Alabama.     This  is  a    member  of     the 
i-ltcimx  s:n»nj».  and  synonymous  with  U.  glubatiix,  which  see. 


CATALOGUK    41. 


50  CATALOGUE—  FAMILY   UXION1IXE. 


t  Unio  siibovatus,  Say. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  IV,  PI.  XVIII,  Fig-.  4(j.) 

This  form  was  described  from  the  Ohio  river,  whence  it  ranges'  west  to  the 
Mississippi  an/1  north  to  the  Rideau  Canal,  Ottawa.  Canada.  See  under  U.  occi- 
dens.  Lea. 

*  Unio  subrostratiiSy  Say.  [If 

(Figured  as  U.  toptkaensis,  U.  nasJiviHensis,  and  U.  rutersvillcnsis.  which  see.) 

The  occnrence  of  this  species  in  Kansas  was  originally  reported,  in  the  publi- 
cation below  referred  to  in  Bull.  No.  II,  under  the  name  of  U.  topckacnsis,  Lea, 
It  is  without  doubt  that  species,  but  it  is  equally  certain  that  it  has  been  recog- 
nized elsewhere  under  at  least  four  other  names.  Some  time  since,  in  collecting 
the  material  for  a  careful  study  of  certain  groups  of  TJnioncs,  questions  of 
synonymy  presented  themselves  on  every  hand.  The  group  to  which  this  form 
belonged  was  in  a  most  unsatisf actor y  condition  and  one  of  its  elements  was 
wanting.  The  collections  submitted  for  study  by  the  Washburn  College  Survey 
have  supplied  some  of  the  missing  data  and  a  review  of  all  the  material,  the 
comparison  of  descriptions  and  plates  and  the  certainty  attaching  to  authentic 
specimens  have  led  to  the  following  conclusions: 

The  shell  was  first  described  as  Unio  subroxtrntus  by  Thomas  Savin  1831. 
Three  years  subsequently  Mr.  Lea  obtained  specimens  from  near  Nashville.  Ten- 
nessee, in  the  Cumberland  river,  and  described  them  specifically  as  U.  naxh- 
rille'iixi*  (originally  U.  nashvillifuuis.)  The  species  is  figured  in  Trans.  Am. 
Phil.  Soc.  Vol.  V,  PI.  XIY,  Fig.  43,  and  appears  to  have  been  a  male  of  U.  sub- 
rostratiis.  Say.  Mr.  T.  A.  Conratl,  in  Vol.  I,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  1850,  des- 
ribed,  from  the  "  lower  Mississippi "  this  same  species  as  U.  mississipplenste. 
Later,  in  1852,  Mr.  Lea  again  described  specimens  sent  to  him  from  Alexandria. 
Louisiana,  under  the  name  of  U.  nigerrimus^  and  figured  it  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil. 
Soc.,  2nd  Series,  Vol.  X,  PI.  XVII I,  Fig.  23.  Again,  in  1850,  he  obtained 
other  representatives  from  near  Rutersville,  Texas,  and  described  and  figured  it 
as  77.  rwtcrsvillensls,  in  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phi  la.  2nd  Series,  Vol.  IV,  PI. 
LX,  Fig.  181.  Once  again  did  this  widely  distributed  form  occur  in  collections 
submitted  from  Kansas,  and  was  re-described  and  figured  in  the  Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phila.,  2nd  Series.  Vol.  VI.  PI.  XLIX*,  Fig.  12li,  as  U.  tnjwlxicnsiis.  Three 


LI]  The  remarks  herein  presented  concerning  this  form  were  originally,  plinted  in  a 
vaper  by  the  author,  which  appeared  in  the  Bulletin  <>f  tlie  Waslilnirn  Collcyc  Labora- 
tory of  Natural  History,  No.  Ill,  March,  1SS5.  It  is  moperto  add  here,  that  the  major 
portion  of  the  references  to  distribution  in  Kansas  was  rendered  possible  by  the 
collections  made  under  the  auspices  of  the  Biolryic  Survey  <>!'  Kansas,  conducted  by 
that  institution. 

CATALOGUE    42. 


DES  MOINKS  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCE.  5} 


.'  iincs  have  the  sharp  posteriorly  pointed  mules  received  a  specific  name,  and  to 
an  eipial  number  of  specific  diagnoses  have  the  more  swollen  and  posteriorly 
emarginate  females  been  subjected.  J  cannot  see  that  the  shell  varies  consider- 
ably from  the  original  description  of  Say— who  did  not.  as  many  appear  to  have 
surmised,  have  before  him  the  male  of  U.  wr.sufKx,  a  tranp-Alleghany  species- 
t hough  occurring  occasionally  in  the  northern  portion  of  Ohio  in  rivers  which 
•discharge  into  Lake  Krie,  The  synonomy  of  this  species  will  therefore  stand 
as  follows: 

Unio  subrostratus,  Say,  [1831. j 
r/iio  nashrUlensis,  Lea,  [1834.] 
/  'nlo  miss'mippiensis,  Con.,  [1850.] 
Unio  nigerrimus,  Lea,  [1852.] 
Unio  rtitersviilensis,  Lea.  [1859.] 
Unio  topekaensis,  Lea,  [1868,] 

i  Unio  siibrotiiudns,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  IV,  PL  XVIII,  Fig.  45.) 

Ohio  to  Illinois.     Specimens  have  been  received  under  the  name  of    V.  poli- 
tics. Say.     See  under  U.  ebenux,  with  which  it  groups, 

I  Unio  Niibtentus,  Say. 

(Am.  Jour,  of  Sei.  and  Arts,  1st  S?rie<,  Vol.  XXV,  PL  I,  Fig.  3.) 
Green  and  Salt  rivers,  Kentucky,  and  Elk,  Clinch  and  Holston  rivers,  Tennes- 
see. 

I  Unio  Kiilcatns,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc..  2nd  Series,  Vol.  Ill,  PL  Vltt,  Fig.  12.) 

Ohio  and  Indiana  south  to  Tennessee.     Described  originally  from  the   Ohio 
river. 

\  Unio  syinmetricus,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  2d  Series,  Vol.  X,  PL  IV,  Fi  >-.  11.) 

This  species,  which  was  described  from  the  Red  river,  Louisiana,   belongs  to 
the  group  of  which  I',  fttniptodoii,  Say,  is  the  type.     No  other  localities  Ivave 

been  reported. 

f  Unio  tellieoensis,  Lea. 

<<  >lts<Tva1ions  on  the  (Semis  Unio,  Vol.  XIH.  PI.  X,  Fi^.  '-'s.  - 
"  Tellico  river,  east  Tennessee," 

CATALOCJI  K    4o. 


CATALOGUE— FAMILY  UN IOXID7E. 


t  Unio  tener.  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Sue.  2nd  Scries,  Vol.  VI If.,  PL  X.  Fi».  10. > 
Pigeon  river,  Tennessee.     This  form  groups  with  77  pi//x/maml  77. 

t  Unio  teniiesseeiisiN,  Lea, 

(Trans.  Am,  Phil.  Soc.,  2nd  Series.  Vol.  VT1I,  PI.  X.  Fiu.  11.) 
Stone  river,  Tennessee — a  tributary  to  the  Cumberland. 

*  Unio  tounissimiis.  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc..  Vol.  IH.  Pi.  XI,  Fig-.  21,  as  Sytnplnjnota  tcnu i>sima.  Lea.) 

Ranges  from  the  Ohio  to  the  Tennessee  river,  in  north  Alabama,  and  west  t»> 
the  Neosho  river,  Kansas. 

t  Unio  tesserulse,  Lea. 

(Jour.  Acacl.  Xat.  Sri.  Phila.,  2nd  Series.  Vol.  VI,  PI.  XV,  Fig.  39. > 
Nolachucky  river,  Tennessee.     This  form  is  very  close  to  77.  <tc-ucns,  Lea. 

*  Unio  tetralasmns,  Say. 

v    (Descriptions  of  the  Shells  of   Xortli  America.  PI.  XXI.ll.) 

Louisiana,  Mississippi,  and  Alabama.  Probably  synonymous  with  77  c«tni>- 
todon,  which  see. 

I  Unio  texasensis,  Lea. 

(Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  Vol.  IV,  PL  LX1,  Fijr.  1W.) 

Indian  Territory,  Red  river  drainage,  to  Dewitt  county.  Texas.  This  is  -,\ 
member  of  the  parvus  group,  together  with  77.  ben  III  and  77.  birirdidnus  with 
both  of  which  it  appears  to  be  identical. 

t  Unio  thorntonii,  Lea. 

(Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila. .  2nd  Series,  Vol.  VI,  PL  XIV.  Fig-.  36.) 
Tennessee  river,   near   Tuscumbia,    Alabama,    and   Clinch    river,    Anderson 
county.  Tennessee.     See  under  77.  ni.oorcxidiuix.  Lea. 

t  Uiiio  topekaensis,  J^ea. 

(Jour.  Aca  1.  Nat.  Sci.  Phi!a..  2nd  Seiies.  Vol.  VI.  PI.  XLIX.  Fig'.  I2«.) 
See  under  77.  subrostratus,  Say,  with  which  this  form  is  synonymous.     Orig- 
inally described  from  the  Kansas  river,  at  Topeka. 

CATALOGUE    44. 


DES  MOfNES  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCE. 


*rnio  trape/oides,   Eea. 

(Trsms.  Am.  Phil.  Soe.,  Vol.  ]V,  PI.  Ill,  Fig-.  1.) 

Alabama  and  Coosa  rivers,  Alabama:  lower  Mississippi  river  to  Trinity  rive'-. 
Texas,  r.  xlixithuuix.  of  tlie  Chattahooehee  river,  Georgia,  is  very  close  to  this 
form. 

*Unio  triaiiinilaris,  Barnes. 

(Am.  .Jour,  of  Soi.  and  Arts,  1st  Series,  Vol.  VI,  PI.  XIII,  Figs.  17a,  17b.) 
\Vestern  New  York  to  Michigan  and  Iowa;  south  to  Tennessee  river,  in  north 


*  Unio  trigomis.  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  IV,  PI.  XVI,  Fig.  40.) 

Tiiis  species  ranges  from  western  New  York  to  Minnesota  and  Iowa.  It  is  a 
member  of  the  group  typified  by  77.  rnb'ujinosus,,  which  see.  Very  turgid  spec- 
imens of  the  latter  have  been  occasionally  received  as  trigonus. 

t  Unio  troostii9  Lea. 

(Tram.  ATI.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol  V,  PI.  X,  Fig-.  30,  as  77.  troostensis.) 
Rock  Castle  river.    Kentucky,    and  Cumberland,  Clinch  and  Powell's  rivers, 
Tennessee. 

*  Unio  tuberoulatus,  Barnes, 

(Am.  Jour,  of  Sci  and  Arts,  1st  Series.  Vol.  VI,  PI.  VII,  Figs.,  8a,  8b.    Also  finely 
fis'urerl  in  Poulsen's  translation  of  Ratinesquv's  "liivulvo  Shells  of 
th<>  river  Ohif),"  in  frontispiece,  as  U.  verrucosa.) 

Ohio  to  Eto wall  rivers,  Georgia;  Coosa,  Alabama,  Cahawba  and  Black  War- 
rior rivers.  Alabama;  to  Minnesota  and  Kansas;  south  to  Trinity  river,  Texas. 
Notwithstanding  the  wide  distribution  of  this  well-known  species  it  presents  lit- 
tle variation.  The  specimens  from  the  Alabama  streams  are  largely  character- 
ized by  a  purple  nacre— while  the  more  northern  forms  are  usually  white. 

t  Unh>  tubd'osus,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  2ml  Scries,  Vol.  VIII,  PI.  XIV,  Fi».  ;!:>.> 

Caney  Fork  and  Cumberland  rivers,  Tennessee,  and  Tennessee  river,  north 
Alabama.  Groups  with  U.  ynetanevTUS,  Ratinesque. 


t  ATALOGUK    4*>. 


54  CATALOGUE— FAMILY  UXIOXID.E. 


*  Uiiio  tumescens,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  2nd  Series,  Vol.  X,  PI.  Ill,  Fig.  7.) 

Described  from  Alexandria,  Louisiana,   whence  it  ranges  to  the  Tennessee 
river,  in  north  Alabama,  and  to  the  Clinch  river,  east  Tennessee. 

f  Ijnio  tnrgidnlus,  Lea. 

(Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,2nd  Scries,  Vol.  V,  PI.  V,  Fig-.  211.) 
Cumberland  and  Duck  rivers,  Tennessee.     Groups  with  U.  perplexus.  Lea. 

\  Unio  turgidus,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil  Soc.,  Vol.  VI,  PI.  V,  Fig.  11.) 

This  form,  which  groups  with  IT.  pustulosus,  ranges  from  Louisiana,  near 
New  Orleans,  to  Choctaw  Nation,  Indian  Territory. 

f  Unio  tuscumbiensis,  Lea. 

(Observations  on  the  Genus  dnio,  Vol.  XIII,  PI.  Ill,  Fig-.  7.) 

Tennessee  and  Holston  rivers,  Alabama  and  Tennessee,  and  Poplar  Creek, 
Roane  county,  Tennessee.  Groups  with  U.  cdyariunus.  Lea. 

* Uuio  u n<l uliil  us.  Barnes. 

(Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  1st  Series,  Vol.  VI.  PI.  IT,  Fig.  2a,  2l>.) 
This  form  has  a  wide  range,  throughout  which  it  presents  many  local  varieties. 
It  occurs,  usually  as  a  very  common  species,  from  Western  New  York  to  Ten- 
nessee river,  Alabama;  to  Michigan  and  Kansas;  to  San  Saba  river,  Texas.  It 
is  the  type  of  a  rather  large  group  embracing  U.  latecostatus,  U.  atrocostotu.x. 
U.  pauciplicatus,  U.  neislerii,  U.  hippopwus,  U.  plicatus,  U.  perplicatax  and 
IT.  elliottii.  It  is  doubtful  whether  these  forms  should  not  be  included  in  the 
group  of  U.  muttiplicatus. 

fUnio  npsoni,  Marsh,  (Mss.) 

(Not  figured.) 

This  form  was  described  by  Mr.  Marsh  in  a  paper  read  before  the  Mercer 
county,  Illinois,  Historical  Society.  The  types  came  from  the  Mississippi  river. 
on  the  western  border  of  Mercer  county.  A  careful  examination  of  the  types 
in  the  cabinet  of  the  author  of  the  species  leads  to  the  conclusion  that  it  is  not  a 
good  species,  but  will  fall  under  the  synonomy  of  U.  ligamentinus.  It  appears 
to  be  a  depauperate  form  of  that  species.  The  four  specimens  examined  do  not 
present  constant  characters. 

CATALOGUE  46 


DES  MO  INKS  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCE.  55 

I  I'nio  validns.  Lea. 

«>b--t>rvatii>i]s  on  the  (ienus  fiiio.   Vol.  XIII,  PI.  1.  Fig.  :.'.) 

Huck  river,  Tennessee.  Nothing  more  is  recorded  of  this  species,  which  ap- 
pears to  be  close  to  7'.  />i;//>iy<j».si.v,  Lea. 

I  Unio  vaiiiixeinii,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  VI,  PI.  XI,  Fig-. 31,  as  U.  vanuxemensis.) 
Cumberland  river.  Tennessee. 

t  Unio  varicosus,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  IV,  Pi.  XI,  Fig-.  20.) 
Ohio  river,  Cincinnati,  Ohio.     Local,  and  rather  rare. 

*  Unio  ventricosiis,  Barnes. 

(Am.  .lour.  ..I1  Sci.  and  Arts,  1st  Series,  Vol.  VI,  PI.  XIII,  Fig.  14.) 
Senvca  river.  New  York,  to  Kansas  river,  at  Topeka;  north  to  Wisconsin  and 
Michigan.     The  species  has  been  doubtfully  credited  to  Lake  Champlain.    See 
under  U.  occldens,  Lea. 

$  Unio  veiiii&tus,  Lea, 

<  I'rans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  VI,  PI.  II.,  Fig.  4.) 

"  Potosi,  Missouri.''  in  a  tributary  to  the  Mississippi.  Very  closely  resem- 
bles the  young  of  U.  Uynmentluus,  Lamarck. 

""  Unio  vernieosiis,  Barnes. 

(Am.  Jour,  of  Sci.  and  Arts,   1st  Series,  Vol.  VI,  PI.  V,   Figs.  tin.  fib. 

Ne\\  river,  Virginia,  to  Tusciunbia,  Alabama;  to  Iowa;  to  Michigan.  Fre- 
quently confounded  by  collectors  with  U.  cratiifernx,  but  from  which  it  is  en- 
tirely distinct,  though  grouping  with  it. 

f  Unio  vircsrens,  Lea. 

(Jou  \  Acini.  Nat.  Sri.  Pbila.  Vol.  IV,  PI.  LV,  Fig.  Ifiti.i 
sprinir  creek  and  Tennessee  river,  north  Alabama.     A  member  of  the  group 


••  Unio  wiirdii,  Lea. 

(Jour.  Ac.i<l.  Xat.  Sei.  Phila.,  2d  Series,  Vol.  V,  PJ.  XXI V.  Kig.  :^'>.) 
Kane's  from  \\Y-t  Virginia  to  central  Iowa.     The  s]iecies  is  dose  to  V.  met,- 
iK'rni*.   into  \vlii<-li   it  ai)])ears    to    graduate.     It  groups  with   U.    cy/iinlrii'ii*. 
Say. 

CATALOGfE   47. 


CATALOGUE— FAMILY  UNIONID.E. 


f  Unio  zeiglerianus,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  VI,  PI.  X,  Fig-.  27.) 
Cumberland  river,  Tennessee.     See  under  V.  irix.  with  which  it  groups. 

*  Unio  zigzag,  Lea. 

(Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  Vol.  III.,  PI.  XII,  Fi<r.  19.) 

Ohio  to  Coosa  river,  Alabama;  to  Indian  Territory  and  Kansas;  to  Minnesota 
and  Wisconsin.  Synonymous  with  U.  donaciforrnis,  which  see.  Groups 
with  U.  elegans,  Lea. 

The  following  species  have  been  erroneously  cited,  by  various  authors,  as  oc- 
curring within  the  Mississippi  drainage  area: 

Unio  complanatus,  Solander,     Unio  nasntns,  Say, 
Unio  ochraceus,  Say,  Unio  cariosus,  Say, 

Unio  radiatiix.  Lamarck,  Unio  nharcensis,  Lea. 

The  first  and  last  of  these  belong  to  a  group  which  is  not  represented  at  all  in 
western  waters.  Two  others — 77.  cariosus  and  U.  ochraccus  belong  in  the 
lutcolus  group;  possibly,  also,  will  so  group  U.  radiatus.  The  western  ana- 
logue of  77.  iKtxHtiis  is  the  U.  subrostrntns.  Say,  which  is  mentioned  at  length 
above.  These  species  are  all,  so  far  as  authentic  information  goes,  confined  to 
the  Atlantic  drainage.  The  presence  of  certain  western  forms  in  the  Erie  canal 
and  Mohawk  river,  in  central  New  York,  on  the  Atlantic  slope,  and  in  waters 
directly  connected  with  the  western  drainage  system  presents  an  explanation  of 
their  occurrence  that  is  not  paralleled  by  the  possible  presence  of  the  eastern 
forms  in  western  waters.  The  western  species  thus  far  recognized  east  of  the 
Atlantic  divide  in  the  state  of  New  York  are  the  following: 

T'nio  rnltiyinosi'X,  Lea.         Uniu  (jiltlioxnx.  Barnes, 
77mo  lutcolus,  Lamarck,       Unio  P/TX.S-NS,  Lea. 

All  four  are  forms  of  wide  distribution,  but  in  the  case  of  the  species  erro- 
neously cited  as-occuring  west  of  the  Appalachian  system  and  in  waters  belong- 
ing to  the  Mississippi  drainage  area,  all  save  one — U.  complanatus — are  com- 
paratively limited  in  their  geographic  areas.  The  extent  to  which  these  proposi- 
tions will  be  modified  can  be  determined  only  when  very  full  and  complete  col- 
lections shall  be  made  in  all  streams,  flowing  in  either  direction,  which  rise  in 
the  Appalachians. 

In  the  preceding  catalogue  those  forms  which  are  common  to  both  sides  of  the 
Mississippi  are  indicated  by  an  asterisk  [*],  those  found  on  the  east  side  alone. 
by  a  dagger  [f],  and  those  known  only  from  the  streams  to  the  westward  are 
indicated  by  a  double  dagger  Ft],  The  results  of  this  study  of  geographic  dis- 
tribution maybe  seen  in  the  following  recapitulation: 

CATALOGUE    48. 


DKS  MO  INKS  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCE. 


57 


SUMMARY. 

»J                  ob           tc.^           «.„• 

a.           "~"  S  T      jr  '5!          _i-"       ;     "3 
'so            O  m  s>  !    ^  •§          —  •*"            -2 
CENEKA.                             ^           ^Z'Z      fri          ?£l 

8 

ti 

B 

£      ! 

5          o^         §«M        5^          a 
55           C  w          C  c          O  =       ! 

1 
AXODONTA.                      33            7          14            9            4 

1                           1 

0            3 

MAIH;ARITAXA.            i«         7         s         i         6 

1             0 

1 

UXIO.                           :248          69         152          25          53 

0             1 

TOTAL.                          :^7           83         174          35          C:J 

1             4 

(1)  By  this  term  are  designated  those  species  which  also  occur  in  waters  with- 
out the  drainage  area  of  the  Mississippi  river  system. 

(2)  This  term  will  serve  to  indicate  those  species  which  are  described  from 
Louisiana  without  explicit  local  reference  and  concerning  which,  in  the  absence 
of  local  specimens,  it  is  impossible  to  decide  as  to  their  occurrence  east  or  west 
of  the  Mississippi. 


CATALOGUE  35. 


YOL    i. 


PRICL. 


fJo.  4 


BULLETIN 


WASHBURN  COLLEGE 


LABORATORY  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY. 


KDITK1)     BY 


•1:01  KSSOI:    OK   NATI  I:AI,    IMSTOHY    IN   \VASII  i;ri;.\   coi,M:(;i:. 


TOI'KKA,    KANSAS: 

H.    K.    MARTIN   ^   (1o.}    I'KINTF.KS    \NU    BINDKIJS. 
OCTOMKH     iss:,. 


BULLETIN 

OF    THE 


WASHBURN  COLLEGE  LABORATORY 


OF 


NATURAL   HISTORY 


Published  by  Washburn  Colle^.]  [Edited  by  F.  W.  Cragin. 


VOL.  1.  TOPEKA,  KANSAS,  OCTOBER,  1885.  NO.  4. 

FOURTH  REPORT  ON  THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WASHBURN 
COLLEGE  BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  KANSAS.* 

[LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL.] 

WASHBURN  COLLEGE,  TOPEKA,  KAS.,  ) 
October  18,  1885.      j 

To  the   Board  of  Trustees  of   Washburn    College: 

Hereby  introduced,  to  be  printed  and  distributed  within  the  present 
month,  and  at  the  same  time  submitted  for  your  approval,  is  the  Fourth 
Report  of  Progress  of  the  Washburn  College  Biological  Survey  of  Kansas  ; 
in  submitting  which.  I  am 

Very  respectfully  yours. 

F.  W.  CRAGIN. 

In  charge  of  the  Survey. 


*  We  occupy  this  entire  number  of  the  liulletin  with  the  current  Report  of  the 
Washburn  Biological  Survey. — [Enrroit]. 


114 

Third  Contribution  to  the  Knowledge  of  Kansas  Mosses, 
BY  EUGENE  A.  EAT;. 

The  mosses  herewith  reported  have  been  contributed  to  the  .Wash burn 
Biological  Survey,  in  the  main  from  nearly  extreme  northeastern  and  north- 
western portions  of  the  State ;  the  Labette  Co.  specimens  having  been 
collected  about  Oswego,  and  those  from  Brown  Co.  near  Netawaka. 

A.— SPECIES  NOT  PREVIOUSLY  REPORTED. 

Fissidens  osmniidioides,  Hedw. — Brown  Co. ;  collected  for  the  Survey 
by  Miss  Mara  Becker. 

Dicrannm  scoparinm,  Hedw. — Labette  Co. ;  collected  for  the  Survey 
by  Dr.  W.  S.  Newlon. 

Webera  albicans,  (Wahl.)  Schimp. — Brown  Co. ;  collected  by  Miss  Becker. 

Bryum  biimim.  Schreb. — Topeka,  growing  in  the  south  side  of  a  well  ; 
collected  by  Prof.  F.  W.  Cragin. 

Bartramia   pom  i  form  is.  Hedw. — Labette  Co.  (Dr.  Newlon). 

ii.Ypiniiii  (Eiiriiyiicbiiim)  stri^osum,  Hoffm. — Wabaunsee  Co..  Decem- 
ber; from  Mr.  S.  A.  Baldwin. 

II.vpniiiH  (Amblystegium)  riparium.  Linn. — Brown  Co.  (Miss  Becker). 

1 1. \piui  m  <  ;im p.yl in m  chrysopbyllum,  Brid. — Labette  Co.  (Dr.  New- 
lon). 

B.— NEW  LOCALITIES  FOR  SPECIES  PREVIOUSLY  REPORTED. 

Physcomitrinm  pyriforme,  Brid. —  Brown  Co.  (  Miss  Becker),  Labette 
Co.  (Dr.  Newlon). 

Barbnla  unguiculata,  Hedw, — Brown  Co.  (  Miss  Becker). 

Funaria   hygrometricn,  Hedw. — Labette  Co.  (  Dr.  Newlon). 

Atrichnm  ang-ustatum,  Brid. — Male  plants,  —  in  fruit  also, — Labette 
Co.  (Dr.  Newlon). 

.>i  mum  cuspidatiim,  Hedw. — Wabaunsee  Co..  December  (S.  A.  Bald- 
win), and  Brown  Co.  (  Miss  Becker). 

Tbelia  asprella,  (Schimp.)  Sull. — Brown  Co.  (  Miss  Becker). 

Leskea  polycarpa,  Ehrh. — Brown  Co.  (  Miss  Becker). 

Anomodon  obtusifolius,  Br.  Eu. — Brown  Co.  (  Miss  Becker). 

Cylindrothecinm  sedutrix,  (Hedw.)  Br.  Eu. — Brown  Co.  f  Miss  Becker). 

Hypnum  (Brachytheciuin)  la-ium.  Brid. — Wabaunsee  Co.,  Deceaiber 
(S.  A.  Baldwin),  and  Labette  Co.  (Dr.  Newlon). 

1 1. >  pit  ii  m  (Brachythecium)  acuminatum,  Beauv. — Brown  Co.  (Miss 
Becker). 

Hypiinm  (Rhynchostegium)  serrulatum,  Hedw. — Wabaunsee  Co.,  De- 
cember (S.  A.  Baldwin). 

Hypnum  (Amblystegium)  serpens,  L.,  var. — Brown  Co.  (  Miss  Becker). 

Hypniim  (Campylium)  hispidulum,  Brid.— -J3rowri  Co.  (Miss  Becker). 


771    ~ 

115 

Contributions  to  a  Knowledge  of  the  Fresh-water  Mollusca  of 
Kansas,— IV, 

(Constituting  the  Fourth' Report  of  Progress  of  the  Washburn  College  Biological 
Survey  of  Kansas  in  the  department  of  Fresh-water  Mollusks.) 

BY  R.  ELLSWORTH  CALL. 

^ 

In  this  contribution  there  are  added  to  those  already  enumerated  two 
genera — Pi*idiumAnd  Ancylus  —  and  twelve  species.  Three  species  whose 
names  were  previously  given  with  doubt  are  now  for  the  first  time  posi- 
tively recorded  from  Kansas.  Some  of  the  new  forms  occur  abundantly, 
as  is  indicated  by  the  numbers  submitted.  The  discovery  of  Uniopusfulntus 
in  the  Verdigris  River  places  this  species  far  to  the  westward  of  any  hith- 
erto recorded  locality — Davenport,  Iowa,  being  the  most  western  station 
known  hitherto.  The  minute  corbiculid  genus,  Pitidium,  also  occurs  for 
the  first  time  in  the  Survey  collections,  but  is  represented  by  few  individuals 
of  the  species  abditum.  The  curious  liinnseid  genus  Ancylus  has  also  ap- 
peared, and  may  be  expected  to  occur  in  not  inconsiderable  numbers  when 
proper  search  is  instituted. 

All  portions  of  the  State  do  not  appear  to  be  equally  favorable  to  either 
the  development  or  the  maintenance  of  molluscan  life.  In  notes  accom- 
panying several  parcels  from  south-central  Kansas,  Prof.  Cragin  mentions 
certain  features  of  a  geologic  character  which  the  field  conchologist  always 
recognizes  as  inimical  to  the  development  of  the  objects  of  his  search.  Of 
Barber  Co.,  he  remarks  as  follows  :  "  I  found  shells  very  scarce.  The  trib- 
utaries of  the  Medicine  River  from  the  north  have  few  shells,  except  in 
the  headwaters.  Most  of  the  tributary  streams  on  the  south  side  seem  to 
be  entirely  destitute  of  bivalves."  It  appears,  from  the  notes  submitted 
by  him,  that  the  country  is  largely  of  a  sandy  and  clayey  formation,  and 
that  limestone  is  absent  almost  totally,  except  in  the  form  of  the  sulphate 
— i.  e.<  gypsum.  In  Barber  and  Harper  counties  the  streams  have  a  simi- 
lar bed  of  sand,  with  the  addition  of  considerable  quantities  of  iron,  prob- 
ably in  the  form  of  the  sesquioxide.  Where  either  iron  or  gypsum  occurs 
in  some  abundance,  experience  has  demonstrated  that  shell-life  is  reduced 
to  a  minimum.  It  is  highly  desirable  that  such  notes  as  these  should  ac- 
company all  collections,  together  with  some  statements  as  to  the  nature  of 
the  bed  where  mollusks  occur  either  abundantly  or  sparingly.  Studies  of 
this  sort  are  of  inestimable  value  from  a  biologic  standpoint,  and  by  too 
many  students  are  utterly  neglected.  It  is  important,  too,  to  observe  care- 
fully the  conditions  of  springs  in  which  mollusks  occur.  But  few  obser- 
vations of  this  character  are  on  record;  yet  many  chalybeate,  saline  and 
sulphuretted  springs  contain  mollusks,  and  these  always  in  number  or  in 
size  showing  the  biologic  effects  of  the  station. 

In  this  place  only  the  usual  record  of  species  will  now  be  made.  Some 
considerations  on  geographic  distribution  and  synonymy  have  been  included, 
but  full  discussion  of  these  questions  must  await  returns  from  all  portions 
of  the  State,  an(J  receive  proper  treatment  in  a  final  report. 


116 

A.— SPECIES  NOT  PREVIOUSLY  REPORTED. 

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 

Family  UNIONIDJE. 

Genus  UNIO. 

Unio  asperrimns,  Lea. — Verdigris  River  at  Coffeyville  (Snow);*  Mill 
Creek,  Wabaunsee  Co.,  and  Soldier  Creek,  Shawnee  Co.  (Quintard). 

This  form  and  U.  lachrymosus.  Lea,  are  probably  synonymous.  A 
closely  related  form  is  U.  fragosus,  Con.,  also  of  nearly  the  same  geo- 
graphic distribution.  The  largest  and  finest  specimens  the  reporter  has 
ever  seen  are  those  from  near  Wichita,  collected  by  Mr.  J.  R.  Mead,  and 
reported  under  the  name  of  U.  lachrymosm,  which  see. 

riiio  pienus,  Lea. — Verdigris  River  ( Snow). 

i  uio  pitstnlatus,  Lea. —  Verdigris  River  at  Coffeyville  (Snow). 

This  form  is  a  member  of  the  pustulosus  group,  and  was  described  from 
the  Ohio  River  in  the  vicinity  of  Cincinnati.  It  is  readily  distinguished 
from  its  near  relative — in  the  group  as  well  as  by  name, —  U.  pustulosns, 
Lea,  by  its  much  less  numerous  but  larger  pustules,  arranged  in  two  di- 
verging series  from  umbones  to  margin.  In  this  respect  it  differs  materi- 
ally from  pustulosus,  which  has  smaller  pustules  generally  distributed  over 
the  whole  disk  but  most  numerous  on  the  posterior  half.  In  the  details 
of  the  hinge-teeth  and  adductor  cicatrices  they  also  present  differences. 
Pustulatus  ranges  from  New  York  to  Kansas,  but  is  nowhere  abundant, 
though  formerly  common  in  the  vicinity  of  Cincinnati. 

Genus  ANODONTA. 

Anodonta  edentulata,  Lea. —  Soldier  Creek.  Shawnee  Co.  (Quintard  ). 
See  under  A.  arkansensis,  p.  1^J2. 

Anodonta  imbecillis,  Say. — Verdigris  River  at  Coffeyville  (Snow); 
Little  Arkansas  River  at  Wichita  (Mead). 

Ic  is  not  difficult  to  distinguish  this  Anodonta  from  all  others  of  the 
genus  by  its  brilliant  green  epidermis,  the  small  but  beautifully  undulate 
umbones,  and  its  exceedingly  fragile  shell.  In  geographical  distribution  it 
rivals  the  range  of  all  other  forms,  extending  from  Canada  to  Kansas ;  to 
Texas;  to  Georgia;  to  New  England. 

CORBICULID^E. 
Genus  SPHyERiUM. 
Spheerinm   partmneium,  Say. —  Cedar  Creek,  Mt.  Ida  (Snow);   brook 

*The  courtesy  of  Prof.  F.  H.  Snow,  of  the  Kansas  State  University,  has  al- 
lowed the  use  of  the  collections  contained  in  that  institution.  These  are  credited 
above  under  his  name.  They  were  all  collected  by  Mr.  E.  P.  West,  and  have  been 
of  great  use  in  helping  to  understand  the  nature  of  the  shell  life  of  southeastern 
Kansas  To  Mr.  J.  B.  Quintard  and  to  Mr.  J.  R.  Mead,  the  Survey  is  also  in- 
debted for  numerous  examples  of  some  very  fine  Uiiionidse,  all  of  which  are  cred- 
ited above.  Others  who  contributed  largely  to  the  material  embraced  in  preceding 
contributions  were  prevented  from  doing  much  work  in  this  department  during 
the  past  summer  by  the  unusually  high  water  that  has  prevailed  in  the  rivers  of 
southern  Kansas.— R.  E.  C. 


117 

in  Silver  Lake  township,  Shawnee  Co.  (Quiniard);   western  Barber  Co. 
!  (Yagin);  Oswego  (Dr.  Newloi). 

This  species  is  now  reported  for  the  first  time  from  Kansas,  and  appears 
to  occur  not  uncommonly.  It  is  readily  distinguished  from  the  very 
abundant  S^lnrrimn  striatinum,  Lam.,  by  the  absence  of  striation  and 
uTCMU'r  fragility.  It  has  nowhere  occurred  abundantly. 

sjkh.,-1  iiim  Ktaiiiiueum,  Conrad. — Elm  Creek,  Barber  Co.  ( Cragin) ; 
Kansas  River,  at  Topeka  (Quintard). 

This  very  beautiful  shell  is  of  rather  rare  occurrence,  and  does  not  ap- 
pear to  be  generally  distributed  geographically.  Its  globose  or  obese  ap- 
pearance, dark  epidermis  with  fine  striae,  light  straw-colored  ventral  mar- 
gins, and  smooth  beaks,  will  serve  to  distinguish  it  from  other  forms 
reported  hitherto. 

Genus  PISIDIUM. 

pisidium  atxiitum,  Haldeman. — Wabaunsee  Co.  (  Miss  Lillian  A.  Bald- 
win). 

These  minute  bivalves --the  smallest  genus  represented  in  American 
waters,  are  now  first  reported  from  Kansas.  They  are  easily  distinguished 
from  young  Sphseria  by  the  position  of  the  beaks,  which  are  in  Sphserium, 
nearly  or  quite  central,  while  in  Pisidium  they  are  prominently  inclined 
anteriorly,  and  are  entirely  forward  of  a  line  drawn  from  the  hinge  to  the 
ventral  margin.  At  least  one  other  species  of  this  genus  may  be  expected 
to  yet  occur  in  the  collections  which  are  to  be  carefully  made  the  coming 
summer. 

It  may  not  be  out  of  place  to  suggest,  at  this  point,  that  these  minute 
shells,  and  others  of  the  minute  gasteropods,  Amnicola,  Somatogyrm,  and 
the  like,  should  be  sought  by  scraping  the  muddy  banks  of  streams  or  the 
surface  of  muddy  submerged  bars.  The  mud,  and  whatever  material  it 
may  contain,  should  be  carefully  sifted,  using  a  fine  flour  sieve,  and  shak- 
ing it  gently  to  and  fro  under  the  water.  The  shells  may  be  assorted  at 
the  leisure  of  the  collector.  In  this  manner  a  thorough  examination  may 
be  made,  and,  when  a  favorable  locality  is  found,  large  quantities  may  be 
taken  in  a  comparatively  brief  time.  These  small  forms  should  always  be 
thrown  into  alcohol  for  a  day  or  two  and  then  dried.  They  may  be  cleaned 
by  shaking  in  a  test-tube  with  sand  and  water. 

GASTEROPODA. 

RISSOID^E. 
Genus  AMNICOLA. 

Amnicoia  <  in<  innatioiisis.  Anthony. — Vesser  Creek,  Shawnee  Co.  (Quin- 
tard); a  small  creek  near  Wabaunsee  (Miss  Lillian  A.  Baldwin). 

Two  species  have  been  contributed  by  Miss  Baldwin,  both  from  the 
same  locality.  The  second  of  these  species  was  reported  under  the  name 
of  Amnicoia  limosa,  Say,  in  the  second  of  these  contributions.  It  is  a 
somewhat  globose  and  short  form,  differing  ve*-y  greatly  in  this  particular 
from  the  species  here  catalogued  for  the  first  time.  A.  cincinnatiensis  is 
the  largest  species  of  the  genus,  and  has  probably  the  widest  range.  Speci- 


118 

mens  are  before  the  writer  from  Albany,  New  York,  San  Antonio,  Texas, 
Salt  Lake  City,  Utah,  (quaternary  fossils),  Des  Moines,  Iowa,  and  over 
thirty  intermediate  localities.  The  species  is  a  remarkably  constant  one. 
and  the  easiest  to  determine  of  any  of  the  group. 

Amiiicola  porata,  Say. —  Cross  Creek,  Jackson  Co.  (Quintard),  a  small 
creek  near  Wabaunsee  (Miss  Baldwin). 

This  form  and  the  preceding  are  nearly  co-equal  in  geographic  distribu- 
tion. It  is  quite  readily  distinguished  from  the  preceding  by  its  propor- 
tionately larger  body-whorl,  shorter  spire,  and  less  number  of  whorlf.  It 
appears  to  be  more  abundant  than  Amnicola  cincinnatiensls. 

LIMJSLEID^E. 
Genus  LIMNOPHYSA. 

Limnophysa  bulimoides.  Lea. — Marshy  draws,  Belle  Meade,  Ford  Co. 
(Cragin). 

The  specimens  submitted,  twenty-two  in  all,  are  enough  to  settle  any 
doubt  which  may  arise  as  to  the  validity  of  the  determination.  In  appear- 
ance, size,  and  all  characteristic  markings,  they  agree  almost  perfectly  with 
specimens  of  Lea's  L.  bulimoides,  received  from  Oregon,  and  also  with 
specimens  personally  collected  in  northwestern  Nevada  in  1883.  Binney, 
in  Smithsonian  Miscellaneous  Collections,  No.  143,  page  56,  figures  a  form 
from  Grindstone  Creek  which  not  only  resembles  L.  bulimoides  but  is  also 
our  shell.  If  found  away  from  the  water  or  draws,  it  is  quite  likely  that 
many  collectors  would  imagine  they  had  happened  upon  a  new  Bulimus, 
so  closely  does  it  resemble  that  genus.  In  the  reference  to  Mr.  Binney 's 
figure  only  the  first  and  last  —  the  two  smaller  —  of  the  four  figures  are 
indicated  as  probably  new,  and  as  being  examples  of  this  form.  There  is 
no  tendency  whatever  to  malleation,  a  feature  rarely  wanting  in  L.  catas- 
copium.  There  is  no  other  known  American  Limnophysa  with  wi.ich  it 
is  at  all  comparable.  The  shell  is  perfectly  smooth,  with  bright,  shining 
epidermis. 

Limnophysa   caperata,  Say. — Elm  Creek,  Barber  Co.  (Cragin). 

This  species  was  originally  described  from  Indiana.  Its  range  is  very 
great,  from  Massachusetts  and  Rhode  Island  to  Hudson's  Bay,  and  west 
to  Utah.  In  some  portions  of  Iowa  and  Illinois  it  is  very  abundant  and 
attains  a  great  degree  of  perfection. 

rimiioph.vsa  desidiosa,  Say. —  Silver  Lake,  Shawnee  Co.  (Quintard). 

Mr.  Quintard  has  submitted  a  number  of  very  fine  examples  of  this 
species  from  the  locality  named.  It  is  usually  an  abundant  shell,  and 
ranges  throughout  the  whole  of  the  United  States,  and  northwest  into  the 
British  Possessions.  It  is,  in  habit,  quite  similar  to  L.  hvmilis,  Say.  be- 
fore reported. 

Genus  ANCYLTTS. 

Ancylus  ri vularis.  Say. —  On  inner  surface  of  valves  of  dead  Anodonta 
grandis,  in  tributary  to  Soldier  Creek,  Silver  Lake  Township,  Shawnee 
Co.  (Quiutard);  Cedar  Creek,  Mt.  Ida  (Snow),  discovered  in  same  situa- 
tion. 

One  specimen  of  this  form  was  found,  accidentally,  while  examining  the 


119 

Uiiionidse.  submitted  by  Prof.  Snow.  It  was  subsequently  lost.  In  a  later 
consignment  of  shells,  from  Mr.  Quintard,  there  were  included  a  number  of 
examples  of  this  interesting  limnaeid,  all  but  two  being  immature.  Care- 
ful search  upon  submerged  sticks,  leaves,  stones,  bark,  and  especially  dead 
bivalves,  will  no  doubt  bring  to  light  abundant  specimen?.  This  species 
forms  one  of  a  group  of  univalve  rnollusks  concerning  which  —  at  least  so 
of  American  forms  —  liitle  satisfactory  information  can  be  given.  In  Proc. 
Phila.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  for  1883,  pp.  214-240  and  plate  X,  Dr.  Benj.  Sharp 
has  done  for  certain  European  Forms*  a  work  which  is  urgently  needed  for 
our  own.  If  Kansas  collectors  will  collect,  in  alcohol,  some  of  these  mol- 
lusks,  a  beginning  may  be  made. 

B.— NEW   LOCALITIES  FOR  SPECIES  PREVIOUSLY  REPORTED. 

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 

Family  UNIONID^. 

Genus  UNIO. 

Unio  ai.-Hus.  Say. — Mara  is  des  Cygnes  River  at  Malvern  (  Snow). 

Unio  anodontoides,  Lea. — Verdigris  River  at  Coffeyville  (Snow); 
small  stream  at  Wellington  (Snow);  Marais  des  Cygnes  River,  Chippewa 
Hills,  Indian  Reservation  (Snow);  Elk  River  at  Howard  (Snow);  White- 
water River  (Mead);  Cowskin  Creek  ( Mead) ;  ,  Lirtle  Arkansas  River 
near  Wichita  (Mead);  Soldier  Creek,  Shawnee  Co.  (Quintard). 

From  these  data  it  will  be  seen  that  this  form  is  probably  of  general  dis- 
tribution throughout  the  State.  It  is  one  of  the  most  widely  distributed 
forms  of  the  eastern  United  States,  ranging  from  New  York  to  Georgia, 
to  Texas,  to  Michigan.  It  is  also  the  least  variable  of  the  Utu'ones. 

Unio  camptofloii,  Say. — Lake  Thayer,  and  Mumm's  Creek,  Thayer 
(Snow);  in  a  tributary  to  Soldier  Creek,  Shawnee  Co.  (Quintard);  Cow- 
skin  Creek  (  Mead  ),  and  Turkey  Creek,  Barber  Co.  (Cragin). 

The  examples  of  this  form  which  have  been  seen  are  not  numerous,  but 
the  species  is  probably  quite  generally  distributed  in  the  eastern  and  south- 
ern portions  of  the  State.  It  is  known  from  Ohio  under  the  name  of  U. 
xayii.  Ward,  and  from  trie  southern  States  as  U.  declivis,  Say,  and  U.  man- 
nbius,  Gould.  It  is  remarkably  constant  in  its  characteristics  when  its 
wide  distribution  is  considered. 

Unio  coccineiis,  Hildreth. — Verdigris  River  at  Coffeyville,  and  Spring 
River  at  Baxter  Springs  (Saow). 

This  form  has  proven  to  be  of  somewhat  rare  occurrence  within  the 
limits  of  Kansas.  It  is  generally  abundantly  distributed  throughout  the 
Mississippi  Valley. 

Unio  coriiutus,  Barnes. — Mill  Creek,  Wabaunsee  Co.  (Quintard). 

Unio  cyiindricus.  Say. — Neosho  River  (  Dr.  Newlon)  ;  Spring  River, 
Baxter  Springs  (  Snow). 

One  entire  shell  and  two  odd  valves  are  all  that  have  been  hitherto  sub- 
mitted by  the  Survey.  It  ought  to  be  found,  not  uncommonly,  on  gravel 

*Ancylus  fluviatilis,  Muell.,  and  Ancylus  lacustris,  Geof. 


120 

beds;  for  it  usually  occurs  abundantly  in  such  situations  when  found  at 
all.  The  finest  and  largest  examples  of  this  remarkably  beautiful  Unio 
come  from  the  Cumberland  River,  Tennessee. 

Viiio  ebemis.  Lea. — Neosho  River  at  Burlington  (Snow). 
i.'nio  elegans,  Lea. —  Spring  River.  Baxter  Springs,  and  Prairie  Creek. 
Jefferson  Co.  (Snow);   Whitewater  River  (Mead). 

Unio  frag-osus,  Conrad. — Neosho  River  at  Burlington  (Snow):  White- 
water River  in'  Butler  Co.  (Mead). 

This  form  is  a  member  of  a  small  group  which  is  typified  by  Unio  a.s- 
perrhnus,  Lea.  It  often  attains  a  great  size  —  larger,  far,  than  that  reached 
by  any  other  member  of  the  group. 

inio  g-ibbosus,  Barnes. —  Ottawa  Creek  at  Garnett.  Marais  des  Cygnes 
River  at  Malvern,  and  Spring  River  at  Baxter  Springs  (Snow). 

linio  g-raciiis,  Barnes. — Verdigris  River  at  Coffeyville  (Snow);  Little 
Arkansas  River  near  Wichita  (Mead). 

This  form  is  very  abundant  and  attains  a  high  degree  of  perfection  in 
the  last-named  locality. 

inio  ia«  inviiiosus.  Lea, — Prairie  Creek.  Jefferson  Co.  (Snow);  Cow- 
skin  Creek  and  Little  and  Big  Arkansas  Rivers,  near  Wichita  (Mead). 

Unio  Itevissimus,  Lea. —  Silver  Lake,  Shawnee  Co.  (Quintard);  Little 
Arkansas  River  near  Wichita  (Mead). 

This,  one  of  the  alate  Uniones,  is  distributed  from  New  York  to  Texas. 
It  appears  to  be  generally  distributed  throughout  Kansas,  but  is  of  some- 
what rare  occurrence. 

Unio  ligamentinns,  Lamarck. — Spring  River  at  Baxter  Springs  (Snow)  ; 
Neosho  River  (Dr.  Newlon). 

This  form  is?(fften  confounded  with  the  following,  from  which,  however, 
it  is  very  distinct.  The  character  of  the  umbonal  undulations,  the  heavier 
cardinal  and  lateral  teeth,  tendency  to  pink  color  of  nacre,  and  generally 
more  numerous  green  rays  will  serve  to  distinguish  it  from  Lamarck's  other 
species.  It  is  not  so  widely  distributed  as  the  next  species. 

Unio  luteolus,  Lamarck. — Marais  des  Cygnes  river,  creek  at  Moline,  Ot- 
tawa Creek  at  Garnett,  Elk  River  at  Howard  (all  Snow)  ;  Soldier  Creek. 
Shawnee  Co.  (Quintard). 

This  is  probably  the  most  widely  distributed  Unio  in  North  America. 
It  is  also  exceedingly  variable.  Various  forms  have  been  described  under 
the  names  of  U.  siliquoidcs,  Barnes,  U.  liydianux,  Lea,  and  U.  r//.s7^/>,s.  An- 
thony. 

Unio  metanevrus,  Rafinesque. — Spring  River,  Baxter  Springs  (Snow). 
Unio  occidens,  Lea, — Verdigris  River  at  Coffeyville,  Marais  des  Cygnes 
River  at  Malvern,  Spring  River  at  Baxter  Springs  (Snow)  ;  Mill  Creek, 
Wabaunsee  Co.,  and  Soldier  Creek,  Shawnee  Co.  (Quintard)  :   Whitewater 
River,  near  Towanda,  Butler  Co.  (Mead). 

This  form  is  properly  a  syuonym  of  Unio  ventncotuSj  Barnes,  under 
which  name  it  is  usually  known  to  collectors. 

Unio  parvus,  Barnes. — Canal  at  Hutchinson,  and  Turkey  Creek,  Barber 
Co.  (Cragin) ;  Ellis  (Dr.  Watson). 


121 

This  form  typifies  a  group  which  numbers  among  its  members  some  of 
the  smallest  species  of  the  genus.  It  does  not  appear  to  be  abundant  in 
the  State,  though  it  will  probably  be  found  more  commonly,  if  sought  along 
the  muddy  banks  of  deep  streams. 

I'nio  iM'trimiK.  Gould. — Mill  Creek,  Wabaunsee  Co.  (Quintard)  ;  Cow- 
skin  Creek  and  Little  Arkansas  River,  near  Wichita  (Mead). 

In  Contribution  Number  III  this  Unio  was  listed  with  a  mark  of  doubt. 
Further  specimens  have  been  received  from  the  above  localities,  and  there 
is  no  longer  doubt  but  that  the  form  is  true  petrinvs.  The  specimens  ob- 
served place  the  species  in  the  group  of  Unio  pustuloiu*,  Lea,  though  non- 
pustulate  usually.  Two  of  the  specimens  now  in  the  cabinet  of  the  reporter 
show  an  occasional  pustule,  though  in  all  other  respects  there  is  a  most 
accurate  agreement  with  Gould's  description.  The  species  has  never  been 
figured. 

Unio  phaseoius,  Hildreth. — Spring  River,  Baxter  Springs  (Snow). 

The  soft  parts  of  this  species  are  well  figured  in  Jour.  Phila.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  Vol.  IV,  2d  Series,  pi.  29,  fig.  101.  The  species  has  a  rather  large 
synonymy. 

Hiiio  piicatus.  Le  Sueur. — Neosho  River  near  Burlington,  Ottawa  Creek 
at  Garnett,  and  Verdigris  River  at  Coffeyville  (Snow) ;  Whitewater  River 
near  Towanda  (Mead). 

Another  undulate  Unio.  but  much  flatter,  with  plications  much  less  ob- 
lique, more  numerous  and  generally  distributed  over  the  major  portion  of 
the  valves,  is  often  confounded  with  this  species.  They  do  not,  as  some 
collectors  appear  to  have  imagined,  grade  each  into  the  other,  when  num- 
erous specimens  of  each,  of  aU  ages,  are  examined.  The  related  Umo  in- 
dicated, U.  undulatus,is  more  widely  distributed  than  this  form,  and  attains, 
in  the  Cumberland  and  Buck  Rivers.  Tennessee,  its  maximum  size.  While 
members  of  the  same  group,  these  forms  nevertheless  should  be  held  as 
quite  distinct. 

Uiiio  purpuratus,  Lamarck. — Kansas  River  at  Topeka  (Cragin)  ;  Ver- 
digris River  at  Coffeyville,  and  Spring  River  at  Baxter  Springs  (Snow) ; 
Whitewater  River  near  Towanda.  Cowskin  Creek  and  Little  Arkansas  River, 
near  Wichita  (Mead)  ;  Neosho  River  (Newlon). 

Unio  purpuratus  is  of  quite  general  occurrence  in  all  parts  of  Kansas 
yet  explored,  which  are  favorable  to  Uuiones.  Mr.  Mead  has  contributed 
some  of  the  largest  and  finest  specimens  and  in  the  greatest  numbers  from 
the  Little  Arkansas  at  Wichita.  These  specimens  further  contribute  ad- 
ditional data  to  the  synonymy  of  this  genus  in  that  some  of  the  larger 
Kansas  specimens  grade  into  almost  or  quite  typical  forms  of  Unio  colura- 
ftoc.Hsis,  Lea,  from  Texas.  The  facts  all  seem  to  make  necessary  this  dis- 
position of  the  last-named  Unio.  U.  ater  is  also  a  synonym. 

rnio  pnsniiosus.  Lea. — Verdigris  River  at  Coffeyville,  Maraisdes  Cygnes 
near  Malvern,  and  Spring  River  at  Baxter  Springs  (Snow). 

A  Unio  which  is  generally  distributed,  under  various  names,  from  New 
York  to  Texas,  and  northward  to  Minnesota  and  Wisconsin.  It  is  the  type 
of  an  extensive  group  affording  a  most  fruitful  and  instructive  synonymy. 

Unio  rectus,  Lamarck. — Cow  Creek,  Hutchinson,  Verdigris  River  at 
Coffeyville,  Solomon  River,  and  Spring  River  at  Baxter  Springs  (Snow). 


122 

sns.  Lea. — Marais  des  Cygnes  River,  and  Ottawa  Creek 
at  Garnett  (Snow). 

Unio  subrostratiis,  Say. — Ellis  (Watson)  ;  Soldier  Creek.  Silver  Lake 
township  (Quintard) :  Little  Arkansas  River  near  Wichita  (Mead) ; 
Mumin's  Creek,  Elk  Creek  and  Lake  Thayer,  Thayer,  Cedar  Creek  at  Mt. 
Ida,  creek  at  Moline.  Marais  des  Cygnes  River  at  Malvern,  arid  Ottawa 
Cr^ek  at  Garnett  (Snow). 

This  name  will  include,  also,  those  specimens  which  appear  in  the  Sur- 
vey's and  State  University's  collections  under  the  name  of  Ukio  fopekaensis, 
Lea.  See  Contributions  to  a  Knowledge  of  Kansas  Mollusca,  No.  III.  It 
will  be  seen  from  these  localities  that  this  species  is  probably  found  in  all 
parts  of  the  State. 

I'nio  tnberciiiatus,  Barnes. — Whitewater  River  at  Towanda  (Mead) ; 
Verdigris  River  at  Coffeyville  (Snow). 

Unio  undnlatus,  Barnes. — Neosho  River  (Newlon)  ;  Mission  Creek, 
Shawnee  Co.  (Quintard);  Cowskin  Creek  (Mead);  the  following  localities 
are  all  certified  by  material  in  the  Snow  collection  :  Deer  Creek,  Lawrence  ; 
Walnut  Creek,  El  Dorado;  Cedar  Creek,  Mt.  Ida;  Marais  des  Cygnes 
River  at  Malvern  ;  Elk  River  at  Howard  ;  Verdigris  River  at  Coffey ville, 
and  Spring  River  at  Baxter  Springs. 

A  very  common,  usually  abundant  form,  often  confounded  with  U.  pli- 
catiis,  which  see. 

Genus  MARGARITANA. 

Margaritana  complaiiata,  Barnes. — Soldier  Creek  and  Silver  Lake. 
Shawnee  Co.  (Quintard);  Neosho  River  (Nev\lon);  Cowskin  Creek  and 
Little  Arkansas  River  at  Wichita  (Mead). 

Ranges  from  Lake  Winnepeg;  to  New  York,  to  Texas,  and  Kansas.  This 
is  the  only  symphynote  or  alate  form  in  the  genus,  and  is  readily  distin- 
guished by  this  character. 

Genus  ANODONTA. 

Anodonta  arkaiisensis,  Lea. — Ottawa  Creek  at  Garnett ;  Ninnescah 
River  at  Reno  (Platt  and  O'Hara);  Whitewater  River  at  Towanda,  and 
Little  Arkansas  River  at  Wichita  (Mead). 

This  species  is  a  member  of  the  group  typified  by  Anodonta  edentul'i, 
Lea,  from  which  ic  is  certainly  not  specifically  distinct.  It,  is  described  and 
figured  in  Vol.  X,  2d  Series,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  pi.  IX,  fig.  56.  The 
specimens  contributed  by  Mr.  Mead  are  from  near  the  typical  locality, — 
"  the  Little  Arkansas,  where  the  road  to  Santa  Fe  crosses  it." 

Anodonta  bealii,  Lea. — Little  Arkansas  River  at  Wichita,  and  Cowskin 
Creek  (Mead). 

The  southernmost  known  range  of  this  shell  is  central  Texas,  where  it 
was  originally  collected.  It  groups  in  that  extensive  natural  series  which 
may  be  headed  by  Ano.  grandis,  Say.  and  is  close  to  certain  forms  of  Ano. 
piano,  and  Ano.  opaca.  The  succeeding  form  is  a  member  of  the  same 
group,  and  offers,  in  some  Kansas  specimens,  so  close  resemblance  to  many 
forms  of  Ano.  be«Ui  as  to  make  specific  identity  questionable. 

Anodonta  danielsii,  Lea. — Elk  Creek,  Thayer,  and  Marais  des  Cygnes 


123 

River  at  Malvern  (Snow)  ;  Smoky  Hill  River  at  Wallace  (Col.  N.  S.  Goss)  ; 
Ellis  (Watson);  Turkey  Creek,  Barber  Co.  (Cragin). 

This  shell  originally  came  from  a  point  near  Topeka.  See  the  preceding 
species. 

Aiiodonta  K-raiidis.  Say. — Verdigris  River  at  Coffeyville  and  creek  at 
Moline  (Snow) ;  Cowskin  Creek  and  Little  Arkansas  River  near  Wichita 
(Mead). 

A  full  discussion  of  this  extensively  distributed  form,  the  type  of  a  large 
group  of  ponderous  Anodontse,  is  reserved  for  a  separate  paper.  It  can 
now  be  stated  that  very  many  so-called  species  must  fall  under  grandis  as 
synonyms.  It  ranges  from  Lake  of  the  Woods  to  Texas,  and  east  to  New 
l^ork.  Anodonta  plana.  Lea,  is  plainly  a  highly  colored  or  ornamented 
variety. 

Anodonta  ovata.  Lea. — Lake  Thayer  at  Thayer  (Snow). 

These  specimens  settle  plainly  the  identity  of  this  variety,  and  permit 
its  appearance  in  this  Contribution  without  the  mark  of  doubt  that  has  ac- 
companied it  heretofore. 

Anodonta  plana,  Lea. — Cedar  Creek,  Mt.  Ida.  and  Elk  River  at  How- 
ard (Snow)  ;  in  tributary  to  Soldier  Creek,  Shawnee  Co.  (Quintard). 

See  preceding  note  under  Ano.  grandis. 

Anodonta  suborbiculata,  Say. — Silver  Lake,  Shawnee  Co.  (Quintard). 

Mr.  Quintard  has  supplemented  the  single  valve  submitted  by  Col.  Goss, 
from  Neosho  River,  by  a  single  specimen  from  the  above  locality.  The 
form  is  everywhere  considered  a  rare  one,  and  does  not  generally  appear  in 
collections.  It  is,  however,  abundant  near  Muscatine,  luwa,  and  at  Spring- 
field, Illinois. 

CORBICULIDJE. 

Genus  SPH^RIUM. 

spiia  i  iinii  striat  {num.  Lamarck. — Brook  in  Silver  Lake  township, 
Shawnee  Co.  (Quintard)  ;  Neosho  River  (Newlon)  ;  Little  Arkansas  River 
near  Wichita  (Mead);  Wabaunsee  Co.  (Miss  Lillian  A.  Baldwin);  and 
the  following  localities  certified  by  material  contributed  by  Prof.  Snow  : 
Mumm's  Creek,  Thayer;  Cedar  Creek.  Mt.  Ida;  Elk  Creek,  Thayer;  Ver- 
digris River  at  CoiFeyville. 


GASTEROPODA. 

LIMN^EID^E. 
Genus  HELISOMA. 

ii  <i  iso  ma  Mcarinata,  Say. — Cedar  Creek,  Mt.  Ida  (Snow) ;  Barber  Co. 
(Cragin);  McDowell  Creek,  Riley  Co.  (Cragin);  drift-wood  on  shore  of 
Kansas  River  (Quintard). 

From  the  amount  of  material  submitted,  this  does  not  appear  to  be  a 
very  common  form.  It  will  doubtless  be  found  in  all  portions  of  the  State. 

Helisoma  trivolvis.  Say. — Silver  Lake,  Shawnee  Co.  (Quintard) ;  Sedg- 
wick  Co.  near  Wichita  (Mead) ;  Cedar  Creek,  Mt.  Ida  (Snow). 


124 

Genus  PLANORBIS. 

Planorbis  lentus,  Say. — Labette  Co.  (Newlon) ;  Barber  Co.  (Crania). 

In  Contribution  II,  this  species  was  doubtfully  recorded  under  ffeli'soma, 
which  is  usually  considered  as  a  submenus  of  Planvrbis.  It  is  a  matter  of 
grave  doubt  whether  such  a  division  of  American  forms  has  any  substantial 
basis  of  fact.  The  specimens  submitted  and  herein  reported  upon  allow 
the  species  to  stand  without  mark  of  doubt. 

Genus   LIMNOPHYSA. 
JLimnopliysa   catascopium,  Say. — Oswego  (Newlon). 

l.imiiopli.vsa   reflexa,  Say. — Arkansas  Valley  at  Wichita  (Mead). 

These  were  very  poor  specimens,  but  the  largest  yet  received  from  any 
portion  of  the  State. 

Genm  PHYSA. 

Physa  aiiatiua,  Lea. — Wabaunsee  Co.  (Miss  L.  A.  Baldwin)  ;  lieno  Cen- 
tre, (D.  H.  Platt  and  L.  A.  O'Hara);  Kansas  River  and  Silver  Lake 
(Quintard). 

P.  awttina  was  originally  collected  by  Maj.  F.  Hawn,  in  a  "northern 
tributary  of  the  Arkansas  Iliver,"  and  described  by  Dr.  Lea  in  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1864,  p.  115;  also  in  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sui.,  Phila.,  2d 
Series,  Vol.  VI,  p.  171,  pi.  XXIV,  fig.  94.  It  is  very  close  to  Pliysn  hawnii, 
Lea,  which  was  collected  by  the  same  gentleman  in  the  Verdigris  Iliver, 
Kansas.  A  critical  revision  of  the  American  forms  is  needed,  when,  as  the 
facts  seem  to  indicate,  both  these  forms  will  fall  into  the  synonymy  of  the 
ubiquitous  and  exceedingly-variable  Physa  heterostropha,  Say. 

Physa  syriaa.  Say.— Cedar  Creek.  Mt,  Ida  (Snow) ;  Ellis  (Watson) ; 
Barber  Co.  (Cragin) ;  Labatte  Co.  at  Oswego  (Newlon) ;  Wichita  (Mead). 

From  the  last  locality  came  specimens  of  the  var.  hildrethiona,  which 
was  raised  to  specific  rank  by  Dr.  Lea.  No  sufficient  data  have  been  ob- 
served to  justify  the  retention  of  the  latter  as  a  species,  and  it  is  here 
ranked  as  a  variety  under  the  species  gyrini.  This  and  P.  heterostropha 
will  include  most  of  the  American  so-called  species, 

riiysa  hawnii,  Lea. — Cedar  Creek  at  Mt.  Ida  (Snow)  ;  Labette  Co.  at 
Oswego  (Newlon)  ;  a,  pool  at  Arkansas  City  (Cragin)  ;  Shawnee  Co.  (Quin- 
tard). 

The  reader  is  referred  to  the  preceding  remarks,  under  Physa  au'itina. 
This  form  was  described  as  a  preliminary  description,  in  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  Phila.,  1864,  p.  115,  and  finally,  with  figure,  in  Jour.  Phila.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  2d  Series,  Vol.  VI,  p.  165,  pi.  24,  fig.  84.  It  is  often  difficult, 
even  impossible,  to  separate  this  form  from  (in'itina  on  the  one  hand  and 
heterostropha  on  the  other.  In  the  Arkansas  City  locality  the  specimens 
were  found  in  midwinter — not  an  unusual  but  by  no  means  a  common  oc- 
currence. 

Physa  heterostropha.  Say. — Silver  Lake,  Shawnee  Co.  (Quintard). 

See  remarks  under  this  species  in  Contribution  II. 


125 


First  Contribution  to  a  Knowledge  of  the  Orthoptera  of  Kansas, 

BY  LAWRENCE  BRUNER. 

[The  subjoined  paper  constitutes  the  first  report  of  the  Washburn  Col- 
lege Biological  Survey  of  Kansas,  on  the  order  Orthoptera.  It  is  based 
upon  the  material  collected  by  the  Survey,  and  also  partly  upon  material 
collected  by  the  undersigned  before  the  Survey  was  organized.  It  makes 
no  pretense  to  completeness,  as  it  is  the  policy  of  the  Survey  to  publish 
from  time  to  time  such  partial  reports  as  shall  best  represent  its  progress, 
the  fuller  and  more  general  results  to  be  reserved  for  a  final  report  to  be 
drawn  up  whenever  the  same  seems  warranted  by  the  completeness  of  the 
work. 

The  present  report  includes  eighty-eight  species,  many  of  which  have 
never  been  previously  recorded  from  this  State,  and  several  of  which  are 
new  to  science.  Of  some  of  these  our  reporter  will  have  more  to  say  in  a 
future  paper. 

Upwards  of  seventy  species,  not  thus  far  included  in  the  Survey's  col- 
lection*, have  been  recorded  in  Kansas  by  eastern  and  European  authors ; 
but  we  omit  here  any  enumeration  of  these  species,  as  we  expect  ultimately 
to  record  them  in  such  a  way  as  to  throw  much  more  light  upon  their  dis- 
tribution and  abundance  in  Kansas  than  could  be  given  by  collating  the 
existing  references. 

The  Orthopteran  fauna  of  Kansas  doubtless  includes  upwards  of  two 
hundred  species. — F.  W.  CRAGIN.  Director  of  the  Surrey.] 

BLATTIDJE. 

1.  Peripianeta  orieiitalis  L. — A  single  specimen  received  from  Labette 
Co.  (Dr.  W.  S.  Newlon). 

2.  Ischnoptera  pennsylvanica  De  Geer. — Topeka  ;    found  in  woods  un~ 
der  logs  and  the  loose  bark  of  trees  (Prof.  F.  W.  Cragin). 

MANTID^E. 

3.  Phasmomaiitis  Carolina  L. — There  are   specimens  of  this   Mantid 
from  Labette  Co.  (Newlon)  ;  Topeka  (Miss  Mara  Becker,  Mrs.  J.  K.  Pitts, 
Mr.  11.  T.  McKinney.  and  Mr,  0.  II.  Bilger,).  arid  Medicine  Lodge.  Barber 
Co.  (Dr.  E.  H.  Lockwood). 

I'HASMIDyE. 

4.  Diaphcromera    femorata  Say. — Several    immature   specimens  from 
Barber  Co.  (Cragin)  ;   Ellis  (Dr.  Louis  Watson). 

QRYLLIDJS. 

5.  Oryllotalpa  Columbia  Scudd. — Labette  Co.  (Newlon). 

This  is  the  species  first  described  as  G.  /'/m//y>r/////x  by  Mr.  Scudder,  who 
afterwards  changed  it  to  the  above  because  the  name  longi/n-imfx  had  already 
been  used  in  the  genus  for  an  East  Indian  species. 


126 

6.  Gryllotalpa  ponderosa  n.  sp.  (?) — There  is  a  single  specimen  of  a 
second  species  of  mole  cricket  contained  in  the  collection,  from  the  same 
gentleman.     This  insect  is  greatly  damaged,  having  the  entire  head  and 
part  of  the  front  edge  of  the  pronotum  missing.     It  is  the  largest  speci- 
men of  the  genus  that  has  ever  come  under  my  notice,  and  may  prove  to  be 
new.     I  have  labeled  it  Gryllotnlpa  ponderosa.     Its  distinguishing  char- 
acteristics, so  far  as  can  be  seen,  are  its  great  size,  length  of  tegmina  and 
wings,  the  venation  of  the  former,  and  the  evenness  of  the  dactyls  or  claws 
of  the  front  legs.     Length  of  body  still  remaining,  40  mm. ;  of  tegmina, 
21  mm. ;  of  wings,  41  mm. ;  of  pronotum,  12  J  mm. ;  width  of  pronotum. 
8  mm. 

7.  Oryiius  luctuosiiH  Serv. — Several  specimens  of  immature  insects  from 
Barber  and  Shawnee  counties  (Cragin). 

8.  Gryiius  neglectus?  Scudd. — Several  specimens  from  Topeka  (Cragin) 
and  McPherson  Co.  (Dr.  John  Rundstrom)  are  referred  here  with  some 
doubt. 

Most  of  our  so-called  North  American  species  of  this  genus  appear  to 
run  together,  the  only  characters  upon  which  some  of  the  species  are  es- 
tablished being  the  variation  in  the  length  of  the  ovipositor  io  the  females, 
and  a  few  other  such  unreliable  characters. 

9.  Oryiius  personatus  Uhler. — A  few  immature  specimens  collected  in 
McPherson  Co.  (Rundstrom)  are  referred  to  this  species. 

Mr.  Saussure,  in  his  great  work  on  the  Gryllidse.,  says  this  insect  is 
probably  a  variety  of  the  Grylms  domesficus  of  Europe. 

10.  Nemobins  vittatus  Harr. — Topeka  (Miss  Mara   Becker,  Cragin.)  ; 
McPherson  Co.  (Ruridstrom)  ;  Barber  Co.  (Cragin). 

The  genus  Nemobius,  like  Gryllus,  is  composed  of  insects  so  closely  re- 
lated that  it  is  with  the  greatest  difficulty  the  species  are  separated  from 
one  another. 

11.  »moi»ius sp. — Topeka  (Cragin). 

There  is  a  single  specimen  of  a  second  species  of  Nemobius  among  some 
recently  received  material.  This  cricket  is  much  smaller  and  lighter  colored 
than  N.  vittatus,  and  is  also  somewhat  irregularly  mottled  with  very  dark 
brown  or  black.  It  occurs  in  the  woods  among  fallen  leaves  and  other 
debris,  and  is  very  active.  This  may  be  one  of  Mr.  Scudder's  species,  but 
I  will  reserve  decision  upon  it  for  a  future  report. 

12.  <Ecanthus  niveus  Serv. — This  species,  which  is  one  of  the  common- 
est of  Gryllids,  in  Kansas,  is  represented   by   but  a  few  specimens  from 
Topeka,  Great  Bend,  and  the  Gypsum  Hills.  Barber  Co.  (Cragin). 

The  genus  (Ecanthus  is  also  one  in  which  the  species  are  very  variable, 
and  pass  into  one  another  almost  imperceptibly. 

LOCUSTID^E. 

13.  ceuthophiius  maciiiatus  Say. — Represented  by  a  pair  of  defective 
specimens  from  McPherson  Co.  (Rundstrom). 

14.  Ceuthophilus  pallidus  Thos. — A  single  male  from  Topeka  (Cragin) 
is  referred  here. 

15.  Ceuthophilu* sp. — Topeka  (Cragin). 


127 

There  are  eight  specimens  of  a  third  species  of  these  "stone  crickets" 
which  I  am  unable  to  refer  to  any  of  the  described  North  American  forms. 
It  may  be  that  they  are  new,  and  if  this  be  the  case,  I  will  give  them  the 
name  of  Ceuthophilus  silveistris,  or  Ceuthophilus  of  the  forest  or  woods. 
The  specimens  before  me  are  very  small — not  more  than  7  45  mm.  in 
length,  but  appear  to  be  fully  matured,  for  the  females  have  well  developed 
ovipositors.  Professor  Cragin  writes  me  that  they  were  obtained  under 
logs  in  the  woods. 

This  insect  belongs  to  the  same  group  with  C.  macul'itus,  but  differs 
from  that  species  in  the  arrangement  of  the  markings.  The  general  color 
is  a  dull  light-brown,  with  all  the  segments  above  bordered  posteriorly 
rather  broadly  with  piceous ;  posterior  tibiae  armed  with  four  pairs  of  rather 
long  divergent  spines. 

16.  Vdeopsyiia   rotmsta  Hald. —  ^    single   female    specimen  from   the 
Gypsum  Hills  of  Barber  Co.  (Cragin). 

17.  Daihiiiia    gig-antea  n.  sp. — The    collection   contains  a    single    male 
specimen  of  a  species  belonging  to  the  genus  Daihinia  which  may  be  new. 
I  label  it  D.  giganten,  but  will  not  describe  it  fully  until  I  have  had  an 
opportunity  to   compare  it  with  the  types  of  D.  brevipes  of  Haldeman, 
which  latter  species  also  occurs  in  Kansas.     The  specimen  before  me  is  of 
a  very  dark  mahogany-brown  color,  with  an  interrupted  dorsal  line  of  a 
somewhat  lighter  shade.     There  are  a  few  irregular  mottlings  of  the  same 
color  along  the  sides  of  the  pronotum  and  other  lobes  of  the  body.     Pos- 
terior femora  very  heavy  and  clumsy,  furnished  beneath  with  a  row  (9)  of 
short  spines.     Posterior  tibiae  more  bowed  than  in  brewpes,  and  furnished 
with  four  alternating  spines  upon  each  of  the  two  upper  edges ;  lower  edge 
also  spined  on  the  apical  half.     Length  of  body,  29  mm. ;  of  posterior  fem- 
ora, 24.5  mm. ;  of  posterior  tibiae,  25  mm.     Labette  Co.  (Dr.  Newlon). 

18.  Microceiitrum    lanrifoliiim    L. — Topeka    (Cragin) ;    Labette    Co. 
(Newlon)  ;  Reno  Co.  (L.  A.  O'Hara). 

19.  Arettuea  gracilipes  Thos. — Barber  Co.  (Cragin). 

This  is  one  of  the  few  southern  species  that  extends  northward  into 
Kansas  and  Colorado  in  its  distribution. 

20.  Scuddcria  curvicanda  De  Geer. — Barber  Co.  (Cn'.gin)  ;   McPherson 
Co.  (Rundstrom). 

21.  Scuddcria   furcata  ?  Brunner. — Barber   Co.  (Crajjin)  ;    Labette   Co. 

(Newlon). 

Until  quite  recently  (1878)  it  was  supposed  that  we  had  but  a  single 
species  of  this  group  in  this  country,  hence  it  has  become  a  matter  of  great 
difficulty  to  decide  just  what  insect  is  meant  when  we  see  an  account  of,  or 
reference  to,  Phaneroptera  cnrvicnudo.  Harris  described  a  second  species 
(Phaneroptera  angwt! folia)  in  his  -'Report  on  Insects  Injurious  to  Vege- 
tation" ;  but  this  was  also  afterwards  placed  as  a  synonym  of  curvicauda 
by  Dr.  Scudder.  There  have  been  six  species  described  thus  far  and  I 
have  a  seventh  from  California;  and  when  the  country  of  the  interior  shall 
have  been  carefully  gone  over,  and  everything  in  this  group  brought  to- 
gether, I  am  confident  there  will  be  still  others. 


128 

22.  Conocephalus  crepitans  Scudd. — Reno  Co.  (L.  A.  O'Hara)  ;   Bar- 
ber Co.  and  Garden  City  (Cragin)  ;  Ellis  (Watson);  Labette  Co.  (New- 
Ion). 

This  large  conocephalid  appears  to  be  quite  abundant  throughout  the 
valleys  of  the  Arkansas  and  Kansas  rivers.  Like  several  other  species  of 
the  genus  inhabiting  th  .>  central  and  eastern  portions  of  the  United  States. 
it  occurs  in  two  colors;  viz  ,  bright  grass-green  and  dull  straw-yellow.  It 
approaches  more  closely  C.  robustus  than  any  other  of  our  species,  and  is 
to  be  distinguished  from  that  insect  by  its  somewhat  shorter  fastigium,  or 
cone  between  the  eyes,  which  is  devoid  of  all  black  marks  on  the  under 
surface. 

23.  Xiphidium  strictum  Scudd.— Reno  Co.  (L.  A.  and  H.  P.  O'Hara)  ; 
Barber  Co.,  Great,  Bend,  and  Topeka  (Cragin);   McPherson   Co.  (Rund- 
strom);  Topeka  (C.  W.  Lane). 

This  is  our  largest  very  short-winged  species,  and  occurs  throughout  the 
entire  eastern  and  central  portions  of  the  United  States.  In  Texas  the 
specimens  are  somewhat  larger  and  have  longer  ovipositors  than  they  do 
as  far  north  as  West  Point,  Neb.,  the  northernmost  point  at  which  I 
have  taken  them. 

24.  Xiphidium    saltaiis   Scudd. — Topeka    and    Barber    Co.    (Cragin); 
McPherson  Co.  (Rundstrom). 

The  collection  contains  several  specimens  of  what  1  take  to  be  this 
species,  although  Mr.  Scudder  in  his  description  states  that  its  wings  are 
much  shorter  than  those  of  X.  brevipennis.  In  the  present  specimens  the 
females  possess  wings  fully  18  mm.  in  length,  but  aside  from  this  they 
agree  with  Mr.  Scudder's  description  in  every  particular. 

25.  Xipliidium  fasciatiim  De  Geer. — Topeka  (Cragin  and  Lane). 

This  species  occurs  very  numerously  along  the  margins  of  streams  and 
ponds,  among, the  rank  grasses,  in  the  stems  of  which  its  eggs  are  de- 
posited. 

26.  Orcheliimim   g-laberriimim  Burm. — Topeka  (Cragin). 

I  have  never  determined  this  species  to  my  own  satisfaction,  and  am  of 
the  opinion  that  a  great  many  references  to  it  are  erroneous.  There  an; 
at  least  three  or  four  of  the  Orchelimums  to  be  found  at  almost  every  lo- 
cality in  the  United  States,  and  any  of  which  might  be  taken  for  glubcrri- 
muni  or  either  of  the  other  species.  The  characters  by  which  they  are 
separated  are  not  always  constant,  arid  in  some  of  their  variations  become 
difficult  to  recognize.  Orchetiniuni  nigrljH's,  ;is  the  name  implies,  has  black 
feet:  but  this  characteristic  sometimes  becomes  erased  to  a  considerable  ex- 
tent, while  occasionally  specimens  of  one  or  two  other  species  are  found 
that  also  show  dark  feet  and  tibiae.  0.  htnyij tennis  has  very  long  wings, 
while  in  0.  ndcjarc.  which  is  a  rather  clumsy  insect,  the  wings  are  quite 
short  and  of  equal  length  with  the  elytra.  Again,  0.  gldberrimum  is  dis- 
tinguished from  vnlgare.  by  having  the  dorsal  band  cf  the  pronotum  edged 
with  black,  as  is  the  outer  edge  of  the  sonorous  apparatus  of  the  male  ; 
the  antennae  in  both  sexes  are  very  long,  and  the  ovipositor  slightly  ex- 
panded in  the  middle.  Again,  0.  ngih\  an  insect  resembling  the  last  two 
in  form,  is  to  be  distinguished  from  them  in  having  "a  very  narrow  dark 
median  streak  down  the  face  "  ;  and  its  pronotum  is  shorter  than  in  i-ulgnri-. 


129 

I  have  given  the  above  notes  in  order  that  every  student  who  does  not 
happen  to  have  access  to  the  works  containing  the  original  descriptiono 
may  determine  these  different  species  for  himself. 

27.  Orchelimum  nigripes  Scudd. — Topeka  <  flragin)  ;  Wakarusa  (Wash- 
burn  Senior  Nat.  Hist.  Excursion,  Class  of  1882). 

28.  Orchelimum  longripennis  Scudd. — Barber  Co.  (Cragin). 

The  collection  contains  a  single  male  of  this  species — the  first  specimen 
that  I  have  ever  seen. 

29.  Orchelimum  vulgrare  Harr. — Shawnee  Co.  (Cragin). 
There  are  three  specimens  in  the  collection  which  I  place  here. 

30.  Orchelimum   agile  De  Geer. — Topeka  (Cragin). 

[  also  find  a  single  male  among  the  others  that  comes  very  close  to  the 
characters  given  for  this  species. 

31.  Thyreonotus  Cragini  n.  sp. — The  collection  contains  a  single  speci- 
men (female)  of  an  insect  that  is  evidently  undescribed,  and  which  falls  in 
the  group  of  Dect!.ci<ies  in  which  the  prosternum  is  armed  with  two  spines. 
In  this  group  are  contained  the  following  two  genera,  to  either  of  which 
the  insect  in  question  might  belong:    Pterolepis  and    Thyreonotus.     Not 
having  seen  typical  specimens  of  either  of  these  genera,  it  is  difficult  for 
me  to  decide  in  which,  if  either,  of  these  genera  it  belongs,  without  further 
study  and  a  cnr^ful   comparison  of  the  descriptions  of  all  the  described 
species  of  our  North  American  Decticids  that  have  appeared  from  time  to 
rime,  and  are  scattered  throughout  various  Government  reports  and  pro- 
ceedings of  scientific  societies.     These  described    species — twenty-two  in 
all — are   sadly  in    need   of  a  thorough   revision,  and  until  this  is  accom- 
plished, but  little  additional  work  can  be  done  that  will  stand  the  test  of 
time.     In  order  to  do  this,  a  large  amount  of  material  from  all  parts  of  the 
country  is  absolutely  necessary ;  and  that  is  what  I  do  not  possess  in  my 
limited  collection.      Until  I  have  had  time  for  further  study  and  compari- 
son, I  will  label  this  specimen  Thyreonotus  Cragini.     It  can  be  known  by 
the  following  characters  which  are  quite  striking:    Pron^tum  large  and 
wide,  broadest  in  front  and  below,  rounded  above,  without  carinse,  slightly 
flattened  back  of  the  middle,  with   the  posterior  margin  evenly  rounded. 
Abdomen  rather  slender,  gradually  tapering  posteriorly,  with  a  slight  carina 
or  ridge  along  the  dorsum.     Posterior  femora  nearly  as  long  as  the  entire 
body,  without  spines  and  considerably  enlarged  on  their  basal  half;  tibiae 
as  long  as  femora,  thickly  crowded  along  both  edges  on  their  apical  three- 
fifths  with  spines;  also  a  few  minute  spines  along  their  lower  side.     The 
general  color  is  dirty  yellowish-green,  with  two  rather  broad  stripes  of  brown 
along  the  top  of  the  pronotum.     These  bands  become  almost  black  upon 
the  posterior  margin  where  they  follow  down  the  sides,  as  a  sort  of  border 
to  the  lower  angle.     Length  of  body,  34  mm.;  of  pronotum,  11.5  mm.; 
of  posterior  femora,  31  mm.;  of  tibiae,  31  mm.;  of  ovipositor,  31  mm. 
Barber  Co.  (Cragin). 

32.  Thyreonotus  Scudderi  n.  sp. — There  are  also  two  males  and  two 
females  of  a  second  and  smaller  species,  which  also  appears  to  be  new.      I 
will  call  it  Thyreonotus  Scudderi  in  honor  of  Prof.  S.  ^i.  Scudder.  who 


130 

has  done  more  toward  describing  and  systematizing  our  North  American 
Orthnptera  than  any  other  individual. 

This  species  is  a  much  smaller  and  slenderer  insect  than  the  preceding. 
The  vertex  of  the  head  is  also  much  more  rounded  and  more  produced  in 
front  of  the  eyes,  which  latter  are  fully  as  large  as  they  are  in  that  species. 
The  pronotum  is  not  so  swollen,  nor  has  it  the  sides  of  the  dorsum  flattened 
here  as  there;  posterior  margin  nearly  straight.  Abdomen  as  in  T.Cr«yini. 
but  more  plainly  carinated.  Ovipositor  rather  short,  curved  upward  and 
tapering  to  a  fine  point.  Posterior  femora  and  tibiae  as  in  tlm  preceding 
species.  Cerci  of  the  male  forked,  the  inner  finger  slightly  the  shortest. 
Purplish  brown  above,  mottled  and  banded  with  ochraceous;  brownish- 
yellow  below.  Face  yellow  with  a  dark-brown  streak  commencing  at  the 
base  of  each  antenna  and  curving  outward  and  downward  upon  the  cheeks. 
Prouotum  with  the  front  edge  and  sides  bordered  rather  widely  with  yel- 
low. Posterior  femora  with  a  dark-brown  streak  along  the  upper  edge  of 
the  basal  half  in  some  specimens,  absent  in  others.  Length  of  body — 
male,  18  mm.,  female,  24  mm.;  of  pronotum — male,  5.65  mm.,  female, 
8  mm.  ;  of  posterior  femora — male  19  mm.,  female.  22  mm.  ;  of  oviposi- 
tor, 15  mm.  Barber  Co.  and  Great  Salt  Weil.  Crooked  Creek  Valley. 
Ford  Co.  (Cragin). 

33.    Anabrus  coloradus  Thos.  (?) — Garden  City  (Cragin). 

There  are  two  larvae  of  what  I  make  out  to  be  this  insect,  but  which 
may  belong  to  some  allied  species,  several  of  which  occur  in  the  same 
vicinity. 


The  foregoing  families  have  been  but  sparingly  studied  in  this  country, 
as  will  be  seen  by  a  comparison  of  the  number  of  species  in  each,  as  found 
here  and  in  Europe.  Of  the  Decticidinse, — the  group  comprising  the  large 
wingless  Locustians  that  live  above  ground  upon  plants — we  have  but 
twenty  described  species,  while  in  Europe  there  are  upwards  of  eighty. 
Other  groups  show  equally  irreat  contrasts.  Therefore  it  should  be  the 
aim  of  collectors  to  work  with  a  view  of  remedying  this  deficiency  in  par- 
ticular directions. 

ACRIDID.E 

34.  Oxyeor.vplms   obscurus  Thos. — Several    specimens  from    Shawnee 
and  Barber  Cos.  (Cragin). 

This  locust  usually  occurs  where  the  grasses  are  short  and  the  climate 
arid,  and  as  a  consequence,  is  to  be  met  with  most  frequently  upon  the 
plains,  where  the  grasses  are  of  the  genus  llouteloua  and  allied  forms. 

35.  >i«  i  IIMI  ia  neo-mexicana  Thos. — The  collection  contains  specimens 
from  Barber  Co.  (Craiiin) ;  McPlierson   Co.  (Rundstrom) ;  and  Shawnee 
Co.  (H.  J.  Adams  and  R.  E.  McCampbel'). 

This  locust  frequents  high  hills  and  other  localities  where  vegetation  is 
scattered. 

36.  Mermiria  bivittata  Serv. — A   pair  from   Sun  City,  Barber   Co.,  at 
which  locality  a  great  many  specimens  of  the  locusts  herein  mentioned 
were  taken  by  Prof.  Cragin. 


131 

37.  Syrbula  leucocerca  Stael. — Barber  Co.  and  Topeka  (Cragin) ;  Mc- 

Plierson  Co.  (Rundstrom). 

This  is  probably  but  a  variety  of  the  next  species  from  which  it  differs 
only  in  color.  The  malrs  of  both  species  are  indistinguishable,  and  there 
ai-e  intermediate  specimens  to  be  found,  in  which  the  colors  are  not  those 
of  typical  specimens  of  either  species.  Saussure  has  described  a  third 
species  —  Oxycrtryphus  montezuma — from  Mexico  (Rev.  et  Mag.  Zool., 
Vol.  XIII  (1861),  p.  316)  which  Dr.  Stael  says  also  belongs  t,o  this  genus. 
From  the  description.  I  should  judge  that  this  species  may  also  be  but  a 
variety  of  admiraiilis,  or  rather  the  reverse,  since  Saussure's  description 
has  priority. 

38.  Syrbula  admirabiiis  Uhier.-- This  locust  is  represented  by  speci- 
mens from  Barber  Co.  (Cragin)  ;  Topeka  (Mrs.  Cragin)  ;  McPherson  Co. 
(litindstroin),  and  Labette  Co.  (Newlon). 

Dr.  Newlon 's  specimen  was  incorrectly  labeled  Tragocephala  viridi- 
f'lsciata.  This  latter  insect  belongs  to  the  OEdipodini — the  subfamily  or 
group  to  which  the  colored  winged  locusts  belong,  while  Syrbula  admira- 
biiis is  a  member  of  the  Trux'ilini  group,  or  those  with  cone-like  heads. 

39.  Chrysochraon    viridis  Scudd. — Topeka  (Mrs.  Cragin)  ;    Barber  Co. 
(Cragin). 

Both  the  brown  and  green  varieties  are  represented  in  the  collection. 

40.  stenobothrus  coioradus  Thos. — The  collection  contains  but  a  single 
specimen,  a  female,  from  Barber  Co.  (Cragin). 

This  species  docs  not  properly  belong  in  this  genus,  but  has  been  placed 
there  by  Dr.  Thomas,  and  has  remained  there  ever  since.  It  was  first  de- 
scribed (Geol.  Survey  Terr.,  1871,  p.  465)  as  St.  bicolor,  a  name  which 
was  already  used  in  the  genus,  and  was  accordingly  changed  to  the  present 
name. 

41.  sK'iiobothms  requaiis  Scudd. — McPherson  Co.  (Rundstrom)  ;  To- 
peka (Miss  Becker,   Mrs.  Cragin,  Prof.  Cragin);   Labette  Co.  (Newlon); 
Shawnee  Co.  (Cragin);  Reno  Co.  (L.  A.  and' H.  P.  O'Hara);  Barber  Co. 
(Cragin). 

Dr.  Newlon's  specimen  was  labeled  Chloealtis  conspersa.  As  will  be 
noticed  by  reference  to  the  specimens,  this  species  occurs  in  two  colors, 
and  is  also  very  variable  in  size  and  general  appearance. 

42.  Steiiobothrus  maciilipennls  Scudd. — Barber  Co.  (Cragin). 

43.  Arphia  tenebrosa  Scudd. — There  are  several  larvae  of  this  species 
in  the  material  collected  in  Barber  Co.  (Cragin). 

44.  Arphia    carinata   Scudd. — Topeka    (Miss    Becker.    Mrs.    Cragin)  J 
Shawnee  Co.,  Barber  Co.  (Cragin)  ;  McPherson  Co.  (Rundstrom). 

45.  Arphia  simplex  Scudd. — Labette  Co.  (Newlon) ;  Topeka  (Cragin). 

46.  Chimarocephala   viridifasciata   De  Geer. — The   collection   contains 
specimens  of  this  much  described  locust,  from  Labette  Co.  (Newlon),  and 
from  Topeka  (Cragin). 

There  are  examples  of  variety  virginiuna  and  also  of  infuscata.  both  of 
which  occur  throughout  its  entire  range,  which  extends  from  Manitoba  to 
Central  America,  The  farther  northward  we  go,  the  fewer  mottlings  do 


132 

we  find  upon  the  specimens  taken  of  either  variety,  these  being  often  either 
plain  green  or  dull  brown  throughout.  Even  in  central  Nebraska,  speci- 
mens of  the  typical  virginianns  are  of  rare  occurrence,  while  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  State  it  is  by  far  the  commonest  form.  I  have  noticed  that 
the  form  infuscata  is  generally  found  early  in  spring  while  the  green  ones 
are  more  common  later  in  the  year.  This  I  can  only  account  for  by  the 
larvae  wintering  over  and  imitating  the  color  of  the  dead  leaves,  etc..  among 
which  they  conceal  themselves — a  trait  very  common  among  different  mem- 
bers of  the  order  Orthoptera. 

Dr.  Saussure,  in  his  recent  work  on  the  (Edipodini  of  the  world,  has 
erected  a  new  genus  for  this  and  two  allied  species,  which  he  calls  Chorto- 
phiga.  I  see  no  need  for  this,  as  it  was  separated  from  the  balance  of  the 
(Edipodse,  by  Mr.  Scudder,  and  made  the  type  of  the  genus  Tmgocepli'da, 
which  last  name,  being  preoccupied  in  the  Coleoptera,  was  replaced  by  the 
present. 

47.  Encoptoloplms    sordidus  Burm. — McPherson    Co.    (Rundstrorn) ; 
Topeka  (Miss  Becker,  Mrs.  Oagin,  Prof.  Cragin). 

48.  Hippiscus  i  n-osus  Scudd. — McPherson  Co.  (Ruridstrom)  ;  Topeka 
(Miss  Becker,  Prof.  Cragin);  Labette  Co.  (Newlon) ;   Finney  and  Barber 
Cos.  (Cragin). 

49.  Hippiscns  discoideus  Serv. — Several  specimens  of  this  species  are 
in  the  collection  from  Topeka  (Cragin). 

Dr.  Saussure,  in  his  late  work  on  the  (Edipodini,  places  this  species  as 
a  synonym  of  the  H.  phcenicopterus  of  Burrneister,  and  makes  the  insect 
which  we  always  have  relegated  to  the  last  name,  If.  tuber culatus  Pal. 
de  Beauv.  In  this  he  may  be  correct,  as  he  has  the  facilities  for  examining 
the  types  of  these  various  authors;  and  if  this  be  true,  hereafter  we  shall 
be  obliged  to  drop  Serville's  name  for  that  of  Burmeister,  which  has 
priority. 

Hippiscus  discoideus  and  H.  phoenicopterus  have  always  been  considered 
as  separate  species  by  me.  I  also  have  specimens  of  what  I  take  to  be  H. 
tuberculous  in  my  collection.  These  latter  are  from  Florida,  while  my 
supposed  discoideus  and  plioenicopterus  both  occur  here,  and  belong  to  the 
same  subgenus  with  a  fourth  species  that  I  have  taken  in  the  Big  Horn 
Mountains  of  Wyoming.  This  last  species  has  been  referred  to  Prof. 
Thomas'  (Edipoda  paradoxa,  and  if  I  am  correct  in  this  determination, 
will  hereafter  be  known  as  Hippiscus  paradoxus  Thos.  With  us  in  cen- 
tral Nebraska,  discoideus  and  phcenicopterux  winter  in  the  larval  state  in  a 
similar  manner  with  Tragocephala  viridifasciata  and  several  of  the  Arphias. 
H.  phoenicopterus  always  has  the  disc  of  the  wings  red,  while  in  discoideus 
there  are  occasional  specimens  with  yellow  wings ;  there  is  also  more  of  a 
contrast  in  the  sizes  of  the  sexes  in  the  latter  than  in  the  former  species, 
where  there  is  but  little  difference. 

I  think  there  will  be  no  harm,  while  speaking  of  the  species  belonging 
to  this  particular  group,  to  say  a  few  words  in  reference  to  Dr.  Saussure's 
arrangement  of  all  the  large  mottled  (Edipodini  native  to  this  continent. 
He  divides  them  as  follows : 

HIPPISCUS. — Antennae  thread-like,  but  little  compressed  or  flattened  in 
the  male,  of  medium  length. 


133 

XANTHIPPUS. — Antennae  graceful  in  the  female ;  in  the  male  somewhat 
flattened,  with  the  apex  curved  outward  and  pointed,  quite  long. 

LEPRUS. — Antennae  slender  ;  posterior  femora  remarkably  broad  ;  pos- 
terior tibiae  caerulean. 

PYCNODICTFA. — Antennae  as  in  Hippiscus;  lateral  lobes  of  the  prono- 
tuin  narrow,  parallel  above  as  in  Hadrotettix. 

The  last  named  genus  he  does  not  include  in  the  North  American  fauna, 
but  I  add  it  here  to  receive  the  large  and  beautiful  (Edipoda  Wheeleri  of 
Thomas,  which  occurs  in  the  mountain  regions  of  Colorado  Prof.  Thomas 
himself  states  (Wheeler  Geog.  and  Geol.  Surv.  W.  100  Merid.)  that  this 
locust  agrees  with  the  description  of  the  genus  Pycnodictya,  and  that  he 
has  a  notion  to  place  it  there  at  once,  "otherwise  a  new  genus  will  neces- 
sarily have  to  be  formed  for  its  reception."  Saussure  includes  (Edipoda 
neglecta  Thos.  in  his  genus  Xanthippus,  which  I  think  is  an  error  on  his 
part,  since  the  locust  in  question  does  not  agree  with  the  characters  upon 
which  he  founds  his  genus.  It  is  distinct  from  all  other  North  American 
species  with  which  I  am  acquainted,  save  one  from  California,  in  its  gen- 
eral appearance,  and  in  my  opinion  should  be  referred  to  a  new  genus,  and 
be  placed  near  Arphia. 

50.  Dissosteira  Carolina  L. — Topeka  (Cragin)  ;  Labette  Co.  (Newlon) ; 
McPherson  Co.  (Rundstrom). 

This  is  the  common  species  of  our  roadsides,  with  yellow-bordered  black 
wings.  It  is  one  of  the  most  widely  distributed  species  in  America,  and 
occurs  throughout  all  of  the  United  States,  Canada,  British  Columbia, 
Central  America,  and  the  West  India  Islands.  It  also  occurs  as  far  north- 
ward along  the  Pacific  ooast  as  southern  Alaska. 

51.  Dissosteira  long-ipennis  Thos. — Barber  Co.  (Cragin). 

This  locust,  which  resembles  no  other  species  in  this  country,  differs  in 
its  habits  from  its  congener,  D.  Carolina,  which  rather  prefers  to 
hang  around  cities,  farm-yards,  and  dusty  roadsides,  to  going  off  into  the 
interior,  away  from  the  habitations  and  works  of  man.  It  is  met  with  only 
in  waste  places  where  the  soil  is  clayey  and  stony,  and  when  disturbed  takes 
rather  long  flights,  being  very  difficult  to  capture.  (Edipoda  nebrascensis 
Bruner,  is  a  synonym,  and  was  described  from  a  stray  specimen  found  at 
West  Point,  Nebraska,  whither  it  must  have  drifted  with  the  winds  from 
Kansas  with  Melanoplus  spretus,  which  was  flying  at  that  time. 

52.  S|»iiai;ii:«  moii   baitoatiim  Scudd. — Barber   Co.   (Cragin);   Labette 
Co.  (Newlon). 

Dr.  Newlon's  specimen  was  labeled  (Edipoda  xanthoptera,  an  error  on 
his  part,  as  that  insect  belongs  to  the  genus  Aiphia  as  now  limited.  Dr. 
Saussure  now  includes  all  the  species  of  this  genus  in  Dissosteira  as  a  sub- 
genus.  This  I  hardly  think  proper,  when  he  has  gone  to  the  trouble  of 
subdividing  some  of  the  other  genera  in  which,  according  to  my  notion, 
there  is  less  difference  among  the  members  than  there  is  here.  He  also 
removes  Scudder's  Trini<rotropis  picta  to  this  genus  under  the  subgenus 
Scirtetica  on  the  same  footing  with  (Edipoda  marmorata  Uhler,  a  second 
species  of  the  same  group. 

53.  Spharag-emoii  aequale  Say. — Barber  Co.  (Cragin). 

These  specimens  are  rather  more  ferruginous  in  color  than  the  species 


134 

usually  is;  but  this  is  easily  to  be  accounted  for  when  we  take  into  consid- 
eration the  character  of  the  soil  upon  which  they  lived  and  wore  taken. 
In  fact,  generally,  species  collected  upon  the  "  red  soil  of  the  Gypsum 
Hills"  of  Barber  Co.  show  a  tendency  to  ferruginous  hues  even  in  insects 
that  it  would  be  supposed  never  occur  in  that  color.  I  have  often  noticed, 
while  collecting  insects  at  various  localities  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  region, 
that  where  the  soil  was  light  colored,  the  insects  were  also  light  colored, 
and  where  the  soil  was  dark,  the  prevailing  hues  of  the  insects  found  in 
the  locality  were  likewise  dark. 

This  species  is  an  aberrent  form,  when  compared  with  the  other  species 
of  the  genus  to  which  it  belongs,  and  resembles  the  members  of  the  genus 
Trimerotropis  to  a  great  extent. 

54.  Trimerotropis  vinculata  Seudd. — A  single  specimen  from   Barber 
Co.  (Cragin)  is  referred  to  this  species. 

The  species  appears  to  be  very  common  wherever  found,  and  I  have  re- 
ceived specimens  from  various  portions  of  Texas,  New  Mexico,  Arizona 
and  California.  I  have  never  collected  it  myself,  but  from  its  appearance, 
I  should  say  that  it  frequents  localities  where  vegetation  is  somewhat  scat- 
tered and  dwarfed,  and  the  soil  alkaline. 

55.  mestobregma  plattei  Thos. — Barber  Co.  (Cragin). 

Saussure  suppresses  the  genus  Mestobregma  of  Scudder,  of  which  this 
species  is  the  type,  and  includes  all  of  its  species  in  the  genus  Psinidia. 
This  he  has  evidently  dene  on  the  authority  of  Dr.  Siael,  who  describes 
several  closely  allied  forms  from  Texas,  under  the  generic  name  Psinidia. 

56.  Mestobregma  cincta  Thos. — Topeka,  Shawnee  Co.,  (Cragin). 

Thi«  species  is  somewhat  more  slender,  and  has  much  narrower  elytra 
than  the  preceding.  It  is  somewhat  closely  related  to  M.  Kioiva  Thos., 
from  which  it  can  readily  be  distinguished  by  colored  wings  with  a  fuscous 
band,  while  in  Kiowa  the  wings  are  perfectly  hyaline  throughout.  A 
fourth  species  occurs  in  Montana,  which  is  confined  to  Eurotia  lanata  as  a 
food  plant.  This  latter  species  I  call  Mestobregma  pidchella,  from  its 
beautiful  colors. 

57.  Haclrotettix   trifasciata   Say. — Ford   Co. ;    Sun   City,   Barber   Co., 
and  Garden  City  (Cragin). 

This  locust  is  a  very  variable  one  indeed,  and  it  is  a  great  wonder  that  it 
has  not  been  described  oftener  than  it  has.  I  have  specimens  from  as  far 
north  as  Ft.  McLeod,  on  the  South  Saskatchewan,  where  I  collected  quite 
a  large  series  of  locusts  of  different  species.  It  also  occurs  in  Texas,  where 
it  is  much  larger  than  in  the  north.  CEdtpoda  pruinosa  and  CE.  Hoff- 
mnni  are  synonymous  of  this  species. 

58.  Bractiystola  magna  Girard. — Barber  Co.  (Cragin);    Reno   Co.  (  H. 
P.  O'Hara). 

This  is  one  of  the  most  clumsy  insacts  that  I  know,  and  occurs  through- 
out the  great  plains,  from  the  Mississippi  River  westward  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  where  it  is  popularly  known  as  the  "lubber  grasshopper,"  the 
•'buffalo  hopper"  and  by  several  other  equally  appropriate  names.  How- 
ever clumsy  and  dull  it  may  appear,  it  seems  to  know  enough  to  keep  in 
the  shape  during  the  heat  of  the  day,  and  at  such  times  can  be  found  com- 


135 

fortably  settled  in  the  shadows  cast  by  weeds,  etc.,  but  never  so  comforta- 
bly but  that  it  follows  the  shadow  as  the  latter  shifts. 

59.  Roopedor  mibilum  Say. — Barber  Co.  (Cragin). 

This  very  variable  insect  is  found  throughout  the  entire  country,  from 
the  British  line  southward  to  Texas,  and  from  the  eastern  portion  of  Ne- 
braska and  Kansas,  westward  t>  the  Rocky  Mountains.  It  seldom  occurs 
in  numbers,  and  as  a  rule,  is  rather  rare  than  otherwise.  During  the  past 
summer,  however,  while  I  was  passing  through  the  valley  of  the  Lower 
Yellowstone  in  Montana,  I  was  surprised  to  find  it  by  the  hundreds  upon 
the  borich  lands  a  few  miles  back  from  the  River.  It  was  represented  in  all 
shades,  from  deep,  shining  black,  to  pale  yellowish  brown,  and  also  varied 
greatly  in  size.  It  appeared  to  be  feeding  upon  sunflowers  and  several 
other  weeds  that  had  been  left  almost  untouched  by  the  various  other  spe- 
cies of  locusts  chat  were  swarming  throughout  the  immediate  neighbor- 
hood. 

60.  Aulocara  Elliottii  Thos. — Garden  City,  (Cragin). 

This  species  was  first  described  by  Prof.  Cyrus  Thomas  as  Stauronotus 
Elliotti,  arid  afterwards  by  Scudder  as  Aulocara  coeruleipes.  It  does  not 
belong  to  the  genus  Stauronotus,  and  therefore  must  be  placed  in  the  new 
one  created  for  the  reception  of  it  and  a  closely  allied  species. 

61.  Aulocara? sp. — Barber  Co.  (Cragin). 

The  survey  collection  contains  specimens  of  a  locust  which  I  have  never 
been  able  to  place  satisfactorily  to  myself,  but  which  is  so  common  through- 
out the  central  portion  of  the  United  States  that  there  can  be  no  doubt  of 
its  having  been  described.  In  its  general  appearance  it  comes  close  to  the 
genus  Aulocara  as  limited  by  Scudder,  but  also  differs  from  that  genus  in 
several  important  characters.  It  also  appraches  the  genera  Stenobothrus 
and  Gomphocerus,  and  appears  to  connect  the  two  groups.  I  will  send 
specimens  of  it  to  Prof.  Scudder  for  determination,  and  will  report  the  re- 
sult in  a  future  paper. 

62.  Phlibostroma  ?  quadrimaculata  Thos. — Garden  City  (Cragin). 

I  place  this  insect  in  the  above  named  genus  with  some  hesitation,  be- 
cause I  have  only  glanced  at  the  types  of  P.  picta,  the  insect  upon  which 
the  genus  was  founded,  and  that  at  a  time  when  I  had  no  specimens  of  my 
own  with  me  to  label.  The  members  of  this  genus  also  resemble  the  Steno- 
bothri  in  their  general  appearance,  and,  if  I  am  correct  in  my  present  de- 
termination, several  species  that  belong  here  have  been  placed  in  the  genus 
Stenobothrus  by  both  Thomas  and  Uhler. 

6$.  Acridimn  frontaiis  Thos. — Garden  City  and  Barber  Co.  (Cragin) ; 
Shawnee  Co.  (  H.  J.  Adams  and  R.  E.  McCampbell). 

This  is  the  Pezotettix  xpeciosa  of  Scudder  (U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Neb., 
1872,  p.  250). 

64.    Acridium  rubigiiiosum  Harr. — Labette  Co.  (Newlon). 

This  and  the  following  species  generally  occur  in  regions  where  oak 
abounds,  and  in  such  localities  can  be  found  very  early  in  spring  as  larvae 
and  pup^e.  Especially  is  this  true  of  the  present  species.  In  the  vicinity 
of  Washington.  I).  C.,  I  have  taken  it  throughout  the  entire  winter  in 
company  with  Chimarocephla  viridifasciata  and  Hippiscus  discoideus. 


136 

65.  Acridinm  alntacenm  Harr. — Labette  Co.  (Newlon). 

The  specimens  of  this  species  in  the  present  collection  vary  slightly  from 
the  typical  eastern  form  in  the  presence  of  a  pretty  well  defined  dorsal 
stripe.  This,  however,  is  a  characteristic  mark  belonging  to  the  genus,  and 
is  present  to  a  greater  or  less  degree  in  all  the  species  with  which  I  am  ac- 
quainted. 

66.  Acridium  obseurum  Burm. — McPherson   Co.  (Rundstrom)  ;   Bar- 
ber Co.  (Cragin). 

67.  Schistocerca  americana  Drury. — Labette  Co.  (Newlon) 

This  large  and  beautiful  insect  is  very  closely  related  to  the  Egyptian  lo- 
cust, Schistocerca  peregrina,  that  often  appears  as  a  plague;  and  it  too, 
frequently  becomes  quite  numerous  at  various  points  in  the  south,  when  it 
also  shows  a  tendency  to  migrate  and  does  injury  to  vegetation.  In  Yuca- 
tan and  the  neighboring  portions  of  Central  America  and  Mexico,  as  well 
as  portions  of  South  America  and  the  West  India  Islands,  either  thie  or  a 
closely  allied  species  does  much  injury  to  crops,  and  at  times  becomes  a 
plague, 

68.  Pezotettix  aeutipennis  Scudd. — McPherson  Co.  (Rundstrom);    La- 
bette Co.  (Newlon);  Topeka  and  Barber  Co.  (Cragin). 

69.  Pezotettix  laKinus  Scudd. — Garden  City  (Cragin). 

Mr.  Scudder  described  the  species  from  specimens  taken  at  Lakin,  Kas  , 
on  Sept.  1;  and  at  Pueblo.  Colorado.  It,  was  also  collected  by  H.  K.  Mor- 
rison in  some  part  of  Colorado  east  of  the  mountains  at  an  elevation  of 
5,500  feet  above  sea  level.  Aside  from  these  references,  I  know  of  no 
other  record  of  its  occurrence.  It  must  therefore  be  rather  limited  in  its 
distribution,  and  if  the  matter  were  carefully  investigated,  I  think  it  would 
be  found  partial  to  some  special  food-plant  that  occurs  in  tt.is  limited  area 
only. 

70.  Pezotettix  album  Dodge. — Topeka  (Cragin). 

This  species,  as  the  name  indicates,  is  white,  or  whitish  green,  in  imita- 
tion of  the  plant  upon  which  it  feeds  (the  common  Cudweed,  or  White  Sage 
of  our  meadows).  I  have  never  found  this  locust  upon  any  other  plant, 
and  have  met  with  it  wherever  I  have  found  the  plant.  There  are  speci- 
mens in  my  collection  and  that  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  from  Wyoming,  Montana,  Dakota  and  Minnesota,  and  I  am 
also  aware  of  its  occurrence  in  Manitoba.  Here  in  Nebraska  it  is  one  of 
our  commonest  species  when  one  knows  where  to  look  for  it. 

71.  Pezotettix  Scndderi  Uhler. — Labette  Co.  (Newlon). 

The  collection  contains  a  single  specimen  which  I  refer  to  this  species 
with  some  doubt,  as  it  ;ippears  to  vary  somewhat  from  typical  specimens 
taken  in  the  vicinity  of  Washington,  D.  C. 

72.  Pezotettix  tinieolor  Thos. — Topeka  (Mrs.  Cragin). 

Among  the  material  collected  at  Topeka  I  find  a  single  female  which  evi- 
dently belongs  to  this  species.  I  have  always  thought  that  unicolor  is  but 
a  variety  of  P.  Scudderi ;  but,  perhaps,  if  a  male  specimen  of  the  former 
could  be  examined,  the  two  would  prove  to  be  distinct. 

73.  Pezotettix  iiebraseensis  Thos. — Topeka  (Cragin). 

The  collection  contains  a  specimen  of  this  species  which  differs  so  much 


137 

from  till  our  other  North  American  Pezotettigi  that  I  am  of  the  opinion  it 
should  be  separated  from  them  and  placed  in  a  genus  by  itself.  It  has 
been  described  by  Dodge  as  Pez.  autumnalis  and  also  as  Caloptenus  volucris. 
The  latter  name  was  given  to  a  long-winged  variety  that  occurs  at  various 
points  in  Nebraska,  but  especially  along  the  valleys  of  the  Platte  and  its 
tributaries. 

This  peculiarity  of  variation  in  length  of  wing  is  not  confined  to  this 
species  alone,  but  belongs  to  quite  a  number  of  other  grasshoppers  or 
locusts,  both  in  this  country  and  in  Europe.  In  most  instances  where  this 
variation  occurs,  the  species  have  been  described  under  several  names,  and 
not  unfrequently  are  the  two  forms  of  the  same  species  placed  in  different 
genera,  as  for  example  the  present  species.  The  form  of  the  male  cerci 
and  that  of  the  spine  on  the  prosternum,  as  a  rule,  will  indicate  the  rela- 
tionship of  the  two  forms,  even  if  all  the  other  members  have  become  so 
differentiated,  through  either  lack  of  use  or  new  uses,  as  not  to  be  recog- 
nized. 

74.  Dactyiotum   pictiim  Thos.  —  Barber  Co.  and   Great   Salt  Well  of 
Crooked  Creek  Valley,  forty  miles  southwest  of  Dodge  .City  (Cragin). 

This  is  our  most  beautifully  colored  locust,  and  can  well  be  styled  the 
"Union  or  Patriotic  Grasshopper"  since  it  wears  the  stripes,  if  not  the 
stars,  of  the  most  glorious  flag  that  floats.  It  occurs  at  various  localities 
in  Dakota,  Nebraska,  Colorado,  and  Kansas,  but  usually  prefers  the  slopes 
of  rather  high  hills  somewhat  devoid  of  vegetation.  I  found  it  by  far  the 
most  numerous  at  Golden,  Colorado,  at  an  altitude  of  about  7,000  feet  above 
sea  level. 

75.  n<  SJM  i  ..i,  <  n  x  x  ii  i,  MS  Thos.  —  Barber  Co,  (Cragin). 

This  insect  is  common  throughout  the  region  known  as  the  plains,  and 
appears  to  prefer  certain  plants  upon  which  to  rest  and  feed.  Among  these 
I  have  noticed  more  particularly  a  small  composite  flower  near  the  Bigelovia 
yraveolem  or  Rabbit  Bush.  This  locust  also  occurs  as  far  eastward  as 
Iowa,  and  westward  to  the  Salt  Lake  Valley,  where  it  is  replaced  by  another 
species  that  is  undescribed. 

76.  M.I;.  n..,.  IMS    femiir-rubriim  Do  (Jeer.  —  Reno  Co.  (L.  A.  and    H.  P. 

O'Hara);  McPherson  Co.  (Rundstrom);  Topeka  (Cragin). 

This  is  one  of  our  most  widely  distributed  locusts,  and  wherever  found 
appears  to  be  rather  common  —  at  times  even  numerous.*  It  has  been  re- 
corded as  occurring  in  Mexico,  Florida,  Canada,  British  Columbia,  Cali- 
fornia, and  all  intermediate  points.  It  also  occurs  at  Great  Bear  Lake, 
British  America.  Nowhere  are  there  specimens  to  be  found  with  other 
than  red  tibiae. 


77.  MeiaiiopiuM  aiiaiii*  Riiey.  —  Labette  Co.  (Newlon)  ;  Topeka  (Cragin) 
This  is  the  lesser  migratory  locust  of  the  United  States  and  adjoining 
portions  of  British  America.  It,  like  fem/ur-rubrum,  is  very  widely  dis- 
tributed over  North  A.merica,  specimens  occurring  as  far  southward  as  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico  and  northward  to  Alaska,  and  from  ocean  to  ocean.  Un- 
like the  preceding,  it  is  not  everywhere  present,  but  appears  to  occur  in 

*It  is,  this   season  at  least,  our  most  common  species  at  Topeka.  —  [F.  W. 

CltAGJN. 


138 

isolated  areas  over  which  it  is  common.  These  localities  are  more  frequent 
in  mountainous  and  hilly  regions  than  in  open  country.  Atlanu  is  the  species 
that  often  occurs  in  hurtful  numbers  throughout  the  New  England  States. 
and  also  at  various  other  localities  throughout  the  interior.  In  general 
appearance  and  habits,  atlanis  approaches  sprehis  more  closely  than  it  does 
femur-rub-rum  or  any  of  our  other  North  American  M<'l«>i<>[>li.  of  which 
there  are  upward  of  fifty  described  species. 

78.  Melanoplus  spretus  Thos. — McPherson  Co.  (Rundstrom). 

There  is  but  a  single  specimen  of  the  much  dreaded  Rocky  Mountain 
Locust  contained  in  the  collection  before  me,  which  would  indicate  an  un- 
usual freedom  from  its  presence  throughout  the  State  at  this  time.  At 
any  rate,  this  is  true  in  reference  to  the  localities  from  which  the  various 
portions  of  the  collection  came.  As  there  has  so  full  a  history  of  this 
locust  been  written  at  various  times  in  the  past,  and  it  is  familiar  to  every 
one,  I  will  not  say  anything  further  of  it  here.  Should  anyone  wish  to 
read  what  lias  already  been  said  on  the  subject,  I  would  refer  him  to  the 
three  reports  of  the  U.  S.  Entomological  Commission  relating  to  this  and 
several  other  injurious  insects  that  have  attracted  general  attention  on  ac- 
count of  their  great  destructiveness. 

79.  *i<'i;iEBO|»in*  devastator  Scudd. — (iarden  City  (Cragin). 

There  is  contained  in  the  material  from  the  above-named  locality  a  single 
pupa  of  a  locust  that  I  refer  to  this  species,  although  the  insect  in  ques- 
tion has  not  heretofore  been  recorded  from  that  immediate  locality,  but  has 
been  taken  at  Morrison,  Col.  This  is  the  locust  which  does  much  injury 
to  crops  in  California  and  adjoining  portions  of  Oregon.  It  also  occurs 
throughout  Montana  and  in  northern  Dakota,  and  I  have  taken  it  in  Idaho 
and  northwestern  Wyoming. 

80.  Melanoplus  luridus  Bodge. — Reno  Co.  (L.  A.  and  H.  P.  O'Hara); 
Barber  Co.  (Cragin). 

This  species  belongs  to  one  of  the  groups  in  which  the  cerci  of  the  males 
are  forked,  M.  collinas,  M.  tenebrosus,  M.  nigre>ccns  and  M.  delator  being 
the  other  species  of  the  present  group.  It  was  firsr  described  from  Dodge 
Co.,  Nebraska,  but  occurs  on  uplands  throughout  all  of  eastern  Kansas  and 
Nebraska,  as  well  as  in  Iowa  and  Missouri,  with  perhaps  a  more  extended 
range. 

81.  IVIelanoplus  angustipennis  Dodge. — Barber  Co.  and  Topeka  (Cragin). 
This  species  belongs  near  M.  cinereu*  Scudd.,  a  species  found  throughout 

the  Sage-brush  regions  of  the  West  and  Northwest,  where  it  (J/.  cinereut) 
feeds  upon  and  lives  among  the  foliage  of  the  different  species  of  Arti'inisi<i. 
M.  angustipennis,  likewise,  has  the  habit  of  hanging  about  plants  of  a  sim- 
ilar nature  and,  like  that  species,  this  is  more  "arboreal  "  than  otherwise, 
preferring  to  jump  from  plant  to  plant  rather  than  to  alight  upon  the  ground. 
I  have  the  species  from  as  far  south  as  Dimmit  Co.,  Texas,  and  from  Kt. 
Buford,  Dakota.  It  also  occurs  at  Anaheim,  California. 

82.  Melanoplus  flavidus  Scudd. — Barber  Co.  (Cragin). 

These  are  the  first  specimens  of  the  species  that  I  have  seen.  It  was 
described  from  specimens  taken  at  Morrison,  Col.,  and  is  evidently  re- 
stricted in  its  distribution  to  the  plains  of  Colorado  and  Kansas. 


139 

s:$.  Melanoplus  Paekarclii  Scudd. — Barber  Co.  and  Garden  City  (Cra* 
gin). 

This  is  the  locust  which  was  described  as  Caloptenus  fasciatus,  Scudd., 
but  afterwards  changed  to  the  above  name  by  the  same  author  to  avoid 
conflicting  with  the  CaL  fasciatus  of  Walker,  a  species  found  at  St.  Mar- 
tin's Falls,  Hudson  Bay.  This  is  an  upland  insect  and  may  be  met  with 
throughout  the  western  half  of  the  United  States  and  British  America  at 
all  suitable  localities.  It  bears  some  resmblance  to  M.  bivittatus  Say,  but 
never  leaves  the  open  country  for  timbered  or  low  localities  where  the  veg- 
etation is  rank,  as  does  this  and  several  of  our  larger  species  of  this  genus. 

*4.  Heiaiiopius  Mvittatus  Say. — Labette  Co.  (Newlon);  Topeka.  Gar- 
den City  and  Barber  Co.  (Cragin). 

This  is  the  common  two -striped  locust  of  our  meadows  and  fields,  and 
usually  occurs  where  vegetation  is  rankest.  It  is  found  from  ocean  to 
ocean,  and  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  northward  to  the  Saskatchewan  River 
in  the  British  possessions.  Mr.  Scudder  says  that  the  variety  with  red 
posterior  tibiae  is  the  Caloptemis  femoratus  of  Burmeister,  and  considers 
it  a  distinct  species. 

»r».  Meianopius  difterentialls  Thos. — Labette  Co.  (Newlon);  Topeka, 
Garden  City  and  Barber  Co.  (Cragin.) 

This  is  our  largest  species  of  the  genus  and  occurs  in  suitable  localities 
throughout  the  central  and  eastern  portions  of  the  United  States,  where  it 
also  frequents  low  grounds  among  the  rankest  of  vegetation.  M.  rolustus 
and  M.ponClerosw  are  allied  species  which  occur  in  Texas. 

H«.  Meiauopitis  Turiibuiui  Thos. — Garden  City  (Cragin). 

This  species  is  one  of  the  few  that  is  partial  to  some  particular  food-plant 
or  set  of  food-plants,  and  in  this  instance  it  is  the  members  of  the  Chen- 
opodiacew,  and  especially  the  different  kinds  of  pigweeds.  It  occurs  at 
various  points  throughout  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  Colorado,  Kansas,  Wyo- 
ming and  Montana.  Scudder's  Pezotettix  plagosus  is  a  synonym  of  this 
insect,  at  least  this  is  what  Mr.  Scudder  himself  states. 

87.  Tettix  granulata  Say. — Topeka  (Cragin). 

The  small  Grouse  Locusts,  of  which  there  are  quite  a  number  of  species 
in  the  United  States,  are  very  difficult  to  identify,  and  appear  to  vary  so 
much  that  I  have  never  done  much  toward  trying  to  separate  the  material 
in  my  collection.  They  all  winter  over  as  larvae,  pupae  or  mature  insects, 
and  are  to  be  found  on  sunny  hill  slopes  throughout  winter.  Their  favor- 
ite haunts  are  the  edges  of  groves  and  the  margins  of  streams.  Closely 
browsed  pastures  are  also  frequented  by  them  during  the  warm  days  of  late 
fall  and  early  spring,  where  they  appear  to  congregate  for  sunning  them- 
selves. They  never  become  so  numerous  as  to  injure  crops,  and  but  seldom 
enter  cultivated  grounds,  except  where  these  are  low  and  damp,  or  lie  along- 
side of  meadows  or  groves  near  streams. 

88.  Tettigiclea  polymorpha  Burm. — Barber  Co.  (Cragin). 

The  members  of  this  genus,  like  those  of  the  preceding  and  also  those 
of  Batrachidea,  are  found  in  like  localities  with  them,  and  are  also  similar 
in  general  appearance  and  habits. 


140 


Preliminary  Catalogue  of  the  Crayfishes  of  Kansas, 
BY  WALTER  FAXON,  A.  B.,  Sc.  I). 

1.  Cambarus  siimiiaiis  Faxon. — Proc.  Amer.  Acad.  Arts  and  Sci..  XX. 
112, 1884,— Mem.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  Vol.  X.,  No.  4,  p.  48,  PI.  I.,  fig.  12  ; 
PI.  VIII.,  figs.  3,3',  3a,  3a',1885. 

Tributary  of  Medicine  River,  Barber  Co.     Messrs.  Williams  and  Cragin. 
Fort  Hays  (Coll.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.). 

2.  Cambarus   gracilis  Bundy. — Bull.  111.  Mufe.  Nat.  Hist.,  No.  I.,   p.  5, 

1876.— Trans.  Wis.  Acad.  Sci.,  V.  182, 1882.— Geol.  Wis.,  Surv.  of  1873- 
79,  I.  403, 1883.     Faxon,  Mem.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  Vol.  X.,  No.  4,  p.  56, 
PI.  VIII.,  figs.  4,  4',  4",  1885. 
Labette  Co,    W.  S.  Newlon. 

3.  Cambarus   Diogenes  Girard. — Proc.  Acad.  Nat.    Sci.  Phila.,  VI.   88, 
1852.    Cambarus  obesvs  Hagen,  111.  Cat.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  No.  III.,  p.  81, 
PI,  L,  figs.  39-42;  PI.  III.,  fig.  163  ;  PL  IX.,  1870. 

Leavenworth  (Coll.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool,). 

4.  Cambarus   immunis   Hagen. — 111.  Cat.  Mus.  Comp.   Zool.,   No.  III., 
p.  71,  figs.  101,102;  PI.  III.,  fig.  160;  PI.  VlIL,  fig.  6, 1870.    Camlarm 
signifer  Herrick,  Tenth  Ann.  Rep.  Geol.  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.  Minn,  for  1881, 
p.  253, 1882. 

Leavenworth  (Coll.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.).     Ellis  (Coll.  C.  H.  Gilbert). 

4a.    Cambarus    immunis  Hagen,  var.   spinirostris   Faxon. — Proc.  Amer. 

Acad.  Arts  and  Sci.,  XX.  146,  1884.— Mem.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  Vol.  X., 
No.  4,  p.  100,  PI.  L,  fig.  5, 1885. 

Ward's  Creek,  Shawnee  Co. ;  F.  W.  Cragin  and  J.  B.  Fields.  When  I 
described  this  variety  in  1884,  I  had  not  seen  the  first  form  of  the  male, 
which  is  included  among  the  specimens  collected  by  Messrs.  Cragin  and 
Fields.  The  lateral  spines  of  the  rostrum  are  distinct  as  in  the  second  - 
form  male  and  in  the  female ;  the  setae  on  the  second  pair  of  legs  are  well 
developed;  the  first  abdominal  appendages  are  shaped  exactly  as  in  the  first- 
form  male  of  the  typical  C.  immunis. 

5.  Cambarus  Xais.  sp.  nov. — Male,  form  I. — Rostrum  long,  concave 
above,  lateral  margins  converging  from  the  base  to  the  lateral  spines,  which 
are  small  but  distinct;  acumen  of  moderate  length,  acute.  Post-orbital 
ridges  provided  with  a  minute  anterior  spine.  Carapace  smooth  and  light- 
ly punctate  above,  granulate  on  the  sides ;  lateral  spine  small,  acute;  cervi- 
cal groove  sinuate,  ending  anteriorly  in  a  small  branchiostegian  spine ;  sub- 
orbital  angle  not  prominent;  areola  very  narrow,  punctate,  the  margins 
parallel  from  the  anterior  to  the  posterior  triangular  fields ;  the  length  of 
the  areola  is  equal  to  one-half  the  distance  from  the  tip  of  the  rostrum  to 
the  cervical  groove.  Abdomen  as  long  as  the  cephalothorax.  Proximal 
segment  of  the  telsonj  bispinose  on  each  side,  distal  segment  shorter  than 
the  proximal.  Antennae  longer  than  the  body ;  laminae  a  little  longer 


141 

than  the  rostrum,  broad,  broadest  at  the  middle,  subtruncate  at  the  end, 
with  an  external  apical  spine.  Third  raaxillipeds  densely  setose  within  and 
below.  Anterior  process  of  the  epistoma  with  very  convex  sides.  Chela 
broad,  flattened  above,  punctate,  external  border  marginate;  inner  margin 
of  the  hand  short,  with  a  double  row  of  dentiform  tubercles;  fingers  long, 
movable  one  tuberculate  on  the  external  border,  toothed  on  the  internal 
border ;  external  finger  flat  above,  internal  margin  toothed,  and  bearded  at 
the  base.  Carpus  armed  with  a  row  of  small  tubercles  on  the  upper  side, 
with  a  strong  and  acute  internal  median  spine  and  a  small  one  at  the  base ; 
on  the  lower  side  the  carpus  is  provided  with  a  prominent  median  spine  and 
an  external  one  at  the  point  of  articulation  with  the  chela;  in  some  specimens 
there  is  a  small  spine  on  the  lower  face  of  the  carpus,  between  the  median 
spine  and  the  large  one  on  the  internal  margin.  Third  pair  of  legs  armed 
with  a  hooped  tubercle  on  the  inner  margin  of  the  third  segment.  First 
pair  of  abdominal  appendages  of  moderate  length,  twisted,  deeply  bifid, 
very  broad  in  the  middle;  rami  slender,  styliform,  strongly  recurved,  the 
inner  one  a  little  shorter  and  more  curved  than  the  outer  one,  the  outer 
one  corneous.  Length  from  tip  of  the  rostrum  to  the  end  of  the  telson. 
61  mm.  Length  of  antennae,  67  mm. 

The  second  form  of  the  male  differs  from  the  first  form  in  having  smaller 
chelae,  the  tubercles  on  the  third  pair  of  legs  less  developed,  the  first  ab- 
dominal appendages  less  deeply  cleft,  the  rami  stouter,  blunter,  and  not 
corneous. 

In  the  female  the  chela  is  similar  to  that  of  the  second  form  of  the  male, 
the  sternum  between  the  fourth  pair  of  legs  is  smooth,  the  annulus  ven- 
tralis  triangular  with  a  median  longitudinal  fissure. 

Labette  Co.;  W.  S.  Newlon.  5  males  form  I.,  5  males  form  II.,  7  fe- 
males. 

This  species  much  resembles  O.  virilis,  especially  the  form  called  variety 
A  by  Dr.  Hagen.  It  differs  in  the  shape  of  the  first  abdominal  append- 
ages of  the  male.  In  (7.  JV'm  the  rami  of  these  appendages  are  shorter  and 
more  strongly  curved  than  in  C.  virilis,  but  not  so  much  recurved  as  in  C. 
immunis.  The  areola  is  narrower  than  in  (\  vh'ili*.  The  first  abdominal 
appendages  are  very  like  chose  of  C.  Palmer  i,  as  far  as  can  be  seen  by  a 
comparison  of  the  second-form  males  alone ;  but  the  areola  is  not  obliter- 
ated in  any  part  of  irs  course  in  C.  Nais  and  the  rostrum  is  more  tapering 
than  in  C.  Palmm'. 

6.    r:niil»:irns     virilis    Hagcn. 111.  Cat.    MuS.   Comp.    Zool.,  No.    Ill     p. 

63,  PI.  I.  figs.  23-28,  PI.  II.  figs.  128-132,  PI.  III.  fig.  155,  PI.  VIII., 
1870.  Camluni*  ,1,-hilu  Bundy,  Bull.  111.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  No.  I.  p.  24, 
1876.— Trans.  Wis.  Acad.  Sci.  V.  181, 1882.— Geol.  Wis.  Surv.  1873-79, 
I.  403,  1883.  Camlani*  cnu^l  Streets,  Bull.  II.  S.  Geol.  Geogr.  Surv. 
Terr.,  III.  803,  1877. 

Tributary  of  Kansas  River,  Shawnee  Co.  F.  W.  Cragin.  Ward's 
Creek,  Shawnee  Co.  J.  B.  Fields  and  F.  W.  Cragin.  Wabaunsee  Co.  J. 
B.  Fields.  Garden  City,  F.  W.  Cragin.  Leavenworth  (Coll.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phila.)  Manhattan,  (Coll.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.)  Republican  River, 
northwest  of  Fort  Riley  (Coll.  Acad.  Nat,  Sci.  Phila.)  Ellis,  (Coll.  Pea- 
body  Acad.  Sci.  Salem.)* 


142 

?.  Cam  burn*  iteglectus  sp.  nov. — Male,  form  I. — Rostrum  broad,  sub- 
excavated,  with  a  median  longitudinal  carina;  sides  nearly  parallel  from  the 
base  to  the  lateral  spines,  which  are  very  small,  brown,  and  horny;  acumen 
of  moderate  length.  Post-orbital  ridges  with  very  small  anterior  spines,  or 
none.  Carapace  oval,  flattened  above,  punctate,  lightly  granulate  on  the 
sides,  lateral  spine  obsolete,  HD  tern-lateral  border  augulated  below  the  eye ; 
areola  of  moderate  width,  dilated  anteriorly  and  posteriorly.  Abdomen 
equal  to  the  cephalothorax  in  length;  basal  segment  of  the  telson  two- 
spined  on  each  side.  Antennae  shorter  than  the  body ;  lamina  as  long  as 
the  rostrum,  broadest  toward  the  distal  end,  apical  spine  of  moderate 
length.  Anterior  process  of  the  epistoma  long,  subtruncate.  Third  pair 
of  maxillipeds  hairy  within,  naked  below.  Chelipeds  short;  chela  broad, 
punctate  above  and  below,  inner  margin  furnished  with  a  double  row  of  de- 
pressed squamous  tubercles ;  fingers  of  moderate  length,  more  or  less  gap- 
ing at  the  base,  with  a  row  of  round  tubercles  on  their  opposed  edges,  outer 
margin  of  the  movable  figer  furnished  with  low  tubercles.  Carpus  broad, 
punctate  above,  with  a  strong  median  spine  on  the  internal  border  and  a 
small  one  near  the  base ;  there  are  no  spines  below.  Superior  border  of 
meros  armed  with  two  obliquely-placed  ante-apical  spines;  the  lower  face 
of  the  meros  presents  two  rows  of  spines.  Third  segment  of  the  third 
pair  of  legs  hooped.  First  pair  of  Abdominal  appendages  nearly  straght, 
terminating  in  two  long,  slender,  pointed,  horny  styles ;  the  anterior  style 
(outer  part  of  the  appendage)  a  little  longer  than  the  posterior  and  slightly 
recurved. 

In  the  second  form  of  the  male  the  first  abdominal  appendages  are  cleft 
but  a  short  distance.  The  terminal  part  of  the  appendages  is  stouter  and 
not  corneous,  and  the  tips  of  the  rami  are  rather  blunt. 

In  the  female  the  annulus  ventralis  presents  a  deep  transverse  fossa. 
bounded  on  all  sides  by  a  prominent  wall,  which  is  bituberculate  in  front. 

Length  of  a  male,  form  II.,  74  mm.  Lenth  of  areola  13  mm.  Breadth 
of  areola  in  the  middle,  3  mm. 

Mill  Creek,  Wabaunsee  Co.;  F.  W.  Cragin  and  J.  B.  Fields.  '2  males 
f.  I.,  1  female. 

This  is  the  species  mentioned,  but  not  named,  in  my  Revision  of  the 
Astacidae,  page  94,  under  C.  propwquus.  When  that  work  was  written  I 
had  seen  but  three  specimens  of  this  crayfish,  all  of  them  second-form 
males,  without  locality.  I  then  forbore  to  present  a  complete  description 
of  it.  The  collection  of  Messrs  Cragin  and  Fields  supplies  the  first-form 
male  and  the  female.  In  general  appearance  this  species  nearly  resembles 
C.  propiHqum,  but  the  sexual  appendages  are  quite  different,  resembling 
those  of  C.  rusticus,  var.  placidus. 

The  tips  of  the  fingers  are  orange-colored,  preceded  by  a  dark-colored 
annular  band. 

-'The  Peabodv  Academy  specimens  from  Kills  were  collected  some  years  airo 
by  Dr.  L.  Watson. 


143 


First  Contribution  to  a  Knowledge  of  the  Myriopoda  of  Kansas, 

By  F.  W.  CBAGIN,  Sc.  B. 

The  present  Contribution  does  not  cover  a  moiety  of  the  Myrwpodfi  of 
Kansas,  nor  does  it  even  embrace  all  of  the  genera  contained  in  the  collec- 
tions of  the  Survey.  It  will  be  followed  shortly  by  supplementary  Con- 
tributions. 

CERMAT1D.K. 

Ormatia  forceps,  Raf. — This  lively  "wall-sweeper"  is  certainly  distrib- 
uted throughout  the  State.  1  have  met  with  it  frequently  in  Shawnee  and 
Barber  counties,  and  have  received  several  Labette  Co.  specimens  from  Dr. 
W.  S.  Nevvlon.  Irs  abundance,  in  connection  with  its  bizarre  appearance 
and  "  promptness"  of  action,  make  it,  an  object  of  popular  observation  and 
dread.  It  seems  to  feel  equally  at  home  in  houses,  in  woods,  and  in  shady 
ravines. 

UT1IOB11D.K. 

XeolitliobiiiK  inordax,  L.  Koch. — Six  specimens  from  the  bluffs  of  Mul- 
berry Creek,  near  Sun  City,  and  one  from  a  high  hill  about  ten  miles  south- 
west of  Medicine  Lodge;  all  found  under  stones. 

SCOLOP15NDRIDJE. 

Kcolopemlra  heros,  Grd. —  A  specimen  of  this  large  centipede,  taken  sev- 
eral years  since  in  Turkey  Creek  valley,  in  the  northeastern  part  of  Barber 
county,  and  measuring  7.25  inches  in  length,  has  been  presented  to  the 
Survey  by  Mr.  C.  H.  Douglass.  A  specimen  8  inches  in  length,  loaned  the 
Survey  by  Dr.  S.  M.  Kessler,  was  taken  in  the  Indian  Territory  nut  fa/ 
south  of  the  Kansas  line. 

From  all  the  testimony  that  I  have  been  able  to  gather,  it  set'ms  that 
the  bite  of  this  centipede  is  sometimes  fatal,  but  that  its  more  common  ef- 
fect is  a  bad  sore,  resulting  in  a  sloughing  of  the  fllesh  from  the  affected 
part  and  leaving  a  more  or  less  cavernous  scar.  It  was  a  large  centipede, 
and  probably  a  specimen  of  this  species,  whose  bite  resulted  in  the  death  of 
Mr.  Crouch,  south  of  Dodge  City  two  or  three  vears  since.  The  circum- 
stances, which  were  as  follows,  are  vouched  for  by  various  residents  of 
southwestern  Kansas:  Mr.  Crouch  was  one  of  a  party  in  pursuit  of  a 
criminal.  Sitting  down  to  rest  in  the  shade,  arid  being  somewhat  warm, 
he  had  taken  off  his  hat.  when  a  centipede  dropped  upon  and  bit  the  top 
of  his  head,  causing  his  death  within  less  than  an  hour. 

This  seems  to  be  an  exceptional  case,  as  it.  is  not  a  very  unusual  thing  in 
the  southwestern  territories  to  meet  with  a  man  who  bears  a  great  hollow 
scar  which  he  asserts  is  the  relic  of  a  centipede's  bite. 

Fortunately  L.  IKTOX  is  not  of  general  di.-tnbuuon  in  Kansas,  and  ap- 
parently finds  its  northern  limit  in  our  south-central  and  southwestern 
counties.  Old  settlers  of  Barber  county  say  that  large  centipedes  are  less 


144 


common  to-day  in  that  region  than  formerly.  They  are  reported  as  rather 
common  in  the  Cimarron  valley;  and  thence  through  the  southwestern  ter- 
ritory and  Mexico,  they  are  a  characteristic  feature  of  the  fauna,  a  con- 
stant bugbear  to  the  inhabitants  of  adobes  and  dug-outs. 

The  species  is  extremely  variable. 

Scolopendra  heros,  Grd.,  var.  castaiieiceps,  AVood. — This  beautiful  va- 
riety of  heros,  deep-shining  green  with  orange-colored  head,  is  not  uncom- 
mon in  Barber  Co.,  where  I  obtained  several  specimens  from  beneath  blocks 
of  gypsum.  I  have  seen  a  single  specimen  over  six  inches  in  length. 

Scolopeiidra  heros,  Grd.,  var.  nov.  prismatica. — Under  this  name  may 
be  recorded  an  interesting  variety  of  this  species  from  the  vicinity  of  Medi- 
cine Lodge,  contributed  to  the  survey  by  Mr.  G.  L.  Johnston.  It  is  re- 
markable for  its  strongly  bicarinate  scuta.  The  superior  surface  of  each 
scutum,  except  the  first  and  last,  may  be  said  to  be  bounded  by  three  planes, 
one  horizontal  and  two  sloping  from  either  side  of  the  same  and  making 
with  it  a  clearly-cut  angle,  giving  the  appearance  of  a  double  bevel.  The 
general  color  of  the  specimen  in  alcohol  is  deep  purplish-black,  in  sharp 
contrast  with  the  bright  orange-brown  of  the  head  and  first  body  segment; 
feet  greenish-yellow,  the  hist  pair  concolorous  with  the  body,  and  a  little 
stouter  than  in  the  typical  species. 

Scolopeiidra  polymorpha,  AVood. — llice,  Finney,  and  Barber  Cos., — in 
the  last  named  county,  common  in  the  debris  of  the  gypsum  rock.  Mrs. 
J.  K.  Pitts  has  contributed  a  specimen  whose  exact  locality  is  now  lost, 
but  was  probably  in  the  vicinity  of  Topeka. 

This  is  the  common  Scolopendra  of  Kansas.  The  largest  specimens 
exceed  four  inches  in  length.  One  specimen  has  the  joints  of  the  antenna,* 
30,  29;  another,  30,  28  in  number. 

Scolopendra  morsitans,  Linn.,  var.  nov.  coerulesceiis. — A  centipede  with 
antennae  20-jointed,  I  refer  here  provisionally,  though  it  differs  in  some 
respects  from  the  characters  given  by  Newport  and  Wood  for  this  species, 
and  though  the  latter  author  has  expressed  his  belief  that  8.  morsitanx  is 
not  an  inhabitant  of  the  United  States.  The  color  is  a  uniform  light  blue, 
or  greenish  blue,  pale,  almost  to  translucence,  the  legs  being  nearly  color- 
less and  transparent.  The  mandibles  are  dark  green,  in  sharp  contrast 
with  the  light-bluish  hue  of  the  other  mouth-parts,  which  are  concolorous 
with  the  head  and  body.  The  entire  animal  is  of  a  more  delicate  structure 
than  is  usually  seen  even  in  small  specimens  of  the  genus.  The  reflexed 
antennae  cover  about  four  segments  of  the  body.  The  length  is  a  little 
over  an  inch.  These  characters  will  suffice  to  distinguish  this  variety  of 
morsitans,  if  I  am  right  in  referring  it  to  that  species;  but  I  shall  elsewhere 
give  the  details  of  its  form  and  armature. 

Newport  states  that  the  range  of  S.  morsitans  includes  the  tropical  and 
subtropical  portions  of  the  New  World,  arid  an  unknown  portion  of  China. 
In  view  of  the  many  subtropical  features  in  the  fauna  of  southern  Kansas 
that  have  already  come  to  light,  the  discovery  of  this  species  in  that  region 
need  be  hardly  a  matter  of  surprise.  Our  specimen  was  found  under  a 
stone  on  the  summit  of  a  high  hill  in  Barber  Co.,  about  500  feet  above  the 
Medicine  River  at  Medicine  Lodge. 


145 

GEOPHILID^E. 

<.<  opiiiins  bipnncticeps,  Wood.  —  Two  specimens  of  this  distinctly 
marked  species  were  recently  collected  by  the  writer  in  Jefferson  Co.  One 
of  these  specimens  has  sixty-five  pairs  of  legs. 


,  —  .  —  Specimens  of  lulus  are  abundant  in  Shawnee  Co., 
but  I  shall  not  be  able  to  report  upon  any  of  them  in  the  present  Contri- 
bution. 

spii  ohoius  nncigerns,  Wood  (?)  —  A  specimen  of  this  genus  from  Topeka 
I  refer  to  uncigerus,  as  it  agrees  better  with  that  species  than  with  any 
other.  It  seems  to  present  important  differences,  however  ;  and  \  will 
withhold  final  decision  upon  it  for  a  later  paper. 

POLYDESMIDJE. 

Polydesinns  Virginiensis,  (Drury)  Wood.  —  Two  specimens  from  the  Kan- 
sas Valley  woods,  Shawnee  Co.,  are  both  clearly  referable  to  this  species,  as 
is  shown  by  the  very  characteristic  genitalia.  One  of  them  agrees  in  full 
with  Wood's  description;  the  other  differs  considerably  in  color,  but  chiefly 
in  its  much  paler  and  less  distinct  color  pattern. 

Polydcsmns  floridns,  Wood.  —  Two  specimens,  collected  near  Thompson- 
ville,  Jefferson  Co.,  by  the  writer.  A  third  from  near  the  same  locality  is 
contributed  by  Miss  Daisy  McCampbell.  I  think  that  I  have  taken  the 
same  species  in  Shawnee  Co.,  but  have  none  in  hand  from  this  county  at 
the  present  writing. 


First  Contribution  to  a  Knowledge  of  the  Arachnida  of  Kansas, 
By  F.  W.  CRAGIN,  Sc.  B. 

This  short  list  is  but  a  precursory  fragment  of  a  series  of  observations 
which  the  Survey  is  making  upon  the  spiders  of  Kansas. 

The  distribution  and  abundance  of  the  species  herein  given  will  be  more 
fully  stated  in  later  Contributions. 

Mygale  Hentzii,  Grd. :  TRAP-DOOR  SPIDER. —  Barber  Co.  (A.  J.  McCabe); 
Chautauqua  Co.  (C.  H.  Hosford). 

This  spider  is  known  in  southern  Kansas  a«  "Tarantula"  and  "Bird 
Spider;"  but  the  name,  '-Tarantula,"  is  more  properly  applied  to  species 
ot  the  genus  Lycosa,  and  the  true  Bird  Spider  is  a  much  larger  species, 
M.  avicularia,  confined  to  the  American  tropics.  The  females  of  M.  Hentzii 
are  probably  the  largest  specimens  of  genuine  "  Jayhawker"  spiders  ex- 
tant. Both  sexes  are  represented  in  these  specimens. 

Since  the  above  specimens  of  Hentzi.i  were  recorded  in  our  list,  numer- 
ous specimens  have  been  seen  by  the  writer,  and  several  collected ;  chiefly 
from  Barber  Co.  and  westward.  It  varies  in  color  from  reddish-brown  to 
black. 


146 

Lycosa  fatifera,  Hentz. :  TARANTULA. — Three  specimens  from  Shawnee 
Co.,  June  to  September,  and  one  from  Brown  Co.  They  present  the  fol- 
lowing characters  not  mentioned  by  Hentz  :  Cephalothorax  with  an  incom- 
plete dorsal  stripe  of  pale  red  ;  sides  and  ventral  surface  of  abdomen  light 
reddish -brown,  speckled  witli  black;  legs  reddish-brown  and  fuscous  in  sub- 
dued contrast.  The  color  of  the  body  above  is  dark  blue-brown.  The 
phase  thus  characterized  may  be  provisionally  designated  as  var.  centralis, 
its  exact  relation  to  fatifera  being  as  yet  uncertain. 

The  Topeka  specimens  were  collected  by  Messrs.  L.  T.  Matthews  and  A. 
Tucker,  and  the  writer;  that  from  Brown  Co.  by  Miss  Mara  Becker.  A 
specimen  has  been  recently  contributed  from  Reno  Co.  by  Mr.  L.  A. 
O'Hara. 

Lycosa  piiosa,  Grd.^ — One  male  taken  in  Shawnee  Co.,  in  September,  by 
the  writer.  The  general  grey  color  has  a  pinkish  shade.  The  specimen 
differs  from  Girard's  description  only  in  having  a  subrectangular  area  of 
black,  not  sharply  defined  upon  the  upper  surface  of  the  abdomen  anter- 
iorly. The  black  dentoid  processes  on  the  distal  end  of  the  chelicera  are, 
on  its  upper  (anterior)  margin  one,  and  on  its  lower  margin  three  in  num- 
ber, and  nearly  equal.  The  fourth  leg  is  about  1.55'  in  length,  the  others 
averaging  about  .  1'  successively  shorter  in  the  order  peculiar  to  the  genus. 
Cephalothorax  .44'  in  length  by  .31'  in  breadth. 

Lycosa  riparia,  Hz. — Shawuee  Co.,  August;  entering  an  outbuilding. 
Though  the  single  specimen  which  I  refer  to  this  species  was  not  taken 
near  waier,  it  differs  in  no  important  respect  from  Hentz's  description  and 
figure.  It  has,  however,  the  two  rows  of  dots  on  the  abdomen  yellow  in- 
stead of  white.  The  two  black  spots  and  line,  often  present  in  this  species 
at  the  base  of  the  abdomen  inferiorily.  is  in  this  instance  lacking. 

Agelena  nsevia,  Bosc. — Shawnee  Co.  As  elsewhere  in  the  United  States, 
the  commonest  of  spiders,  building  its  geometric  web  in  corners  of  houses 
and  outbuildings,  aud  less  commonly  in  the  lee  of  bushes. 

Epeira  domiciliorum,  Hz.  (?) — Topeka,  cellars  and  dark  rooms. 
Epeira  cliadema,  Hz. — Shunganunga  and  Wakarusa  valleys. 
Epeira   riparia,  Hz. — Shawnee  and    Barber    Cos.,  frequent.      Appar- 
ently not  partial  to  margins  of  waters  in  Kansas,  nor  even  to  bottom-lands, 
but  commonly  stretching  its  web  in  gardens  and  beside  bushes  or  weeds 
in  shady  places.     It  is  perhaps  more  generally  distributed  in  this  ( 1885) 
than  in  dryer  seasons. 

Specimens  have  been  contributed  to  the  Survey  from  Labette  Co.  by  Dr. 
W.  S.  Newlon,  and  from  Reno  Co.  by  L.  A.  O'Hara. 

Epeira  fasciata,  Hz. — I  have  taken  this  species  only  in  the  valleys  of  the 
Medicine  River  and  Turkey  Creek,  Barber  Co.  It  is  doubtless  also  com- 
mon in  eastern  Kansas. 

Epeira  septima,  Hz. — A  single  female  specimen  taken  in  Shawnee  Co. 
in  August,  descending  from  the  top  of  a  door. 


147 

Miscellaneous  Notes, 


While  collecting  for  the  Survey  in  McPherson  county,  in  the  summer 
of  1884,  the  director  found  the  curious  and  interesting  Azolla  Americana 
growing  abundantly  upon  the  shallow  water  and  mud  at  the  margin  of 
Lake  Inman.  It  seems  not  to  have  been  hitherto  recorded  from  Kansas. 
Later  it  has  been  sent  to  us  from  Neosho  River  at  Oswego  by  Dr.  W.  S. 
Newlon. 

Butlius  Carolinianus  appears  to  be  generally  distributed  in  Kansas,  but 
is  evidently  not  common  in  our  northern  and  eastern  counties.  I  have 
found  it  abundant  in  stony  places  on  the  Gypsum  Hills  of  Barber  county. 
A  specimen  from  south  of  Emporia  has  been  contributed  by  Mr.  Frank 
Kizer.  and  a  number  <»f  young  from  McPherson  Co.,  by  I)r,  John  llund- 
strom.  Scorpions  (which  are  probably  of  this  species)  are  reported  as  oc- 
curring commonly  in  the  vicinity  of  Wallace,  in  the  northwestern  part  of 
the  State,  and,  less  commonly,  as  far  northeast  as  Douglas  county. 

A  specimen  taken  near  the  fire,  in  a  house  in  Medicine  Lodge,  in  cold 
weather,  lias  been  contributed  by  Mr.  G.  L.  Johnston. 

Dr.  H.  C.  Wood  first  recorded  this  species  from  Kansas,  and  appears  to 
have  been  also  the  first  to  recognize  the  peculiar  subtropical  affinities  of  the 
fauna  of  Kansas.  (See  his  monograph  of ,  the  North  American  Pedip<dpi, 
under  B.  Caroliniana.) 

Elevation  above  sea-level  having  a  marked  influence  upon  the  distribu- 
tion of  insects,  it  may  be  interesting  tc  note,  in  connection  with  Mr.  Bru- 
ner's  report  on  Orthoptera,  the  elevations  of  the  respective  localities  which 
furnished  the  specimens.  They  are  s«s  follows,  the  numbers  usually  refer- 
ring to  the  elevation  at  the  depot  grounds  of  the  A.  T.  &  S.  F.,  U.  P.^  and 
S.  K.  railroads : 

Toivn.  County.  Elevation. 

Ellis Ellis  (western) 2,117 

Garden  City Finney  (formerly  Sequoyah) 2,827 

Great  Bend Barton 1,841 

Lindsborg McPherson  1,332 

Medicine  Lodge Barber 1,449 

Oswego Labette 895 

Reno  Center Reno 1,525-1,550 

Sun  City Barber (?)  1,750 

Topeka.*. Shawnee 884 

Many  of  the  Barber  Co.  specimens  were  collected  on  the  Gypsum  Hills, 
200-500  feet  above  the  valley  elevation  above  given  for  Medicine  Lodge. 

Prof.  E.  D.  Cope,  of  paleontological  and  herpetological  fame,  has  twice 
paused  in  his  passage  across  the  continent  to  note  the  progress  of  our  work 
and  bestow  a  word  of  cheer.  In  one  of  these  brief  visits,  he  discovered 
among  some  unstudied  material  recenrly  collected  by  the  director  of  the 
Survey  in  Barber  county,  a  specimen  of  Rhinocheilus  LeContei,  B.  and 
G.,  which  shows  some  remarkable  variations  from  the  typical  species.  A 
brief  note  upon  this  specimen  will  appear  from  the  pen  of  the  Professor  in 
our  next  Report. 

The  specimen  was  brought,  living,  to  the  director  of  the  Survey,  by  Mr. 
Chancy  Smith  of  Medicine  Lodge,  who  captured  it  in  a  garden  in  that 


148 

town.  It  has  previously  been  reported  from  southern  Texas  and  California 
only,  and  it  is  therefore  needless  to  say  that  the  discovery  of  this  rare  and 
beautifully  colored  serpent  in  southern  Kansas  greatly  extends  its  known 
range  and  adds  yet  one  more  emphatic  link  to  the  already  strong  chain  of 
evidence  which  asserts  that  the  fauna  of  southern  Kansas  has  many  features 
usually  regarded  as  sub-tropical. 

The  genus  Pinus  has  never  appeared  on  any  of  the  local  lists  relating 
to  the  flora  of  Kansas. 

Dr.  J.  H.  Oyster,  of  Paola,  who  recently  passed  through  Topeka,  and 
stopped  long  enough  to  glance  at  the  Wasburn'cabinet  and  the  work  of  the 
Biological  Survey,  called  our  attention  to  the  fact  that  a  species  of  Pinus 
has  been  ascribed  to  Kansas  by  Prof.  Sargent  in  his  "Report  on  the  Forest 
Trees  of  North  America."  On  referring  to  that  work,  we  find  (p.  200) 
Pinus  mitis,  Mich.,  the  Short-leaved  Yellow  Pine,  given  as  native  to  south- 
eastern Kansas.  It  is  certainly  not  common,  even  in  that  favored  section 
of  the  State. 

During  a  brief  trip  to  Cherokee  county,  Dr.  Oyster  learned  that  large 
pines  had  been  felled  in  that  county  by  the  settlers,  but  could  learn  of  none 
still  standing,  save  a  few  saplings,  the  locality  of  which  he  was  unable  to 
vidt.  He  was,  however,  informed  by  reliable  .parties  that  there  exists  a 
small  group  of  pines  at  a  point  almost  exactly  on  the  line  between  Kansas 
and  Indian  Territory,  while  a  considerable  grove  of  the  same  exists  but  a 
very  few  miles  further  south. 

We  would  gladly  record  any  more  definite  observations  as  to  tne  past  or 
present  occurrence  of  Pinus  in  Kansas;  and  those  able  to  furnish  such  are 
respectfully  requested  to  communicate  with  the  director  of  the  Survey. 

The  expense  of  publishing  the  first  t.vvo  Bulletins  having,  for  various 
unforeseen  reasons,  proved  relatively  greater  than  it  will  henceforth  be,  the 
occasion  for  issuing  Bulletin  3  arrived  and  found  the  funds  available  for 
that  purpose  temporarily  exhausted.  To  avoid  an  interruption  which  would 
have  been  in  many  ways  detrimental  to  the  work  of  the  Survey,  we  issued 
a  call  to  various  friends  of  the  Suryey  for  aid.  The  following  responded 
and  became  the  Patrons  of  Bulletin  3,  by  contributing  sums  of  one  to 
five  dollars,  thus  enabling  us  to  keep  the  publication  abreast  of  the  work: 


George  J.  Angell,  Esq., 
S.  A.  Baldwin,  Esq., 
Miss  Mara  A.  Becker. 
George  Brink  man,  Esq., 
Jerry  M.  Fields,  Esq., 
L.  L.  Jewell,  Esq., 
Lucius  T.  Matthews.  Esq., 
Ralph  E.  McCampbell,  Esq., 
Angus  McMillan,  Esq., 


J.  R.  Mead,  Esq., 

W.  S.  Newlon,  M.  D. 

Andrew  Sabine,  M.  D. 

B.  B.  Smyth,  Esq., 

William  Tweeddale,  Esq., 

Louis  Watson,  M.  D.. 

And  three  friends  of  the  Sur- 
vey, whose  names  are  with- 
held. 


We  take  this  opportunity  to  return  our  sincere  thanks  to  these  kind 
friends  for  their  prompt  assistance,  and  we  trust  that  we  shall  have  no  need 
of  making  any  further  call  for  aid.  other  than  such  as  they  are  now 
giving  by  way  of  specimens  and  observations. 


JOHN  RlTCHIF,  -TR 
BOX  2/2.,  BOSTO::,  MAS:. 


Reprint  from 

Proceedings  Davenport  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences, 
Volume   V. 


3. 


ON  CERTAIN  RECENT,  QUATERNARY, 
AND  NEW 

FRESH-WATER  MOLLUSCA 


BY  R.  ELLSWORTH  CALL. 


Read  before  the  Davenport  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  February  26th,  iSSb. 

THE  area  which  has  contributed  most  of  these  forms  is  little  known 
conchologically.  All  the  knowledge  gathered  concerning  its  molluscan 
fauna  is  fragmentary,  and,  for  the  most  part,  scattered  through  many 
publications,  rendering  a  collation  of  their  information  an  imperative 
need.  Such  a  collation  has  been  for  some  time  in  progress,  and  the 
present  writer  hopes  soon  to  present  a  summary  of  the  results. 

Of  the  six  species  herein  described,  four  have  hitherto  been  charac- 
terized by  me,  two  of  which  were,  in  deference  to  authority,  given 
only  varietal  rank.  It  is  now  proposed  to  recognize  the  varietal  names 
as  of  specific  value,  and  to  republish  the  original  descriptions  as  ap- 
plicable to  the  specific  name.  This  disposition  is  made  in  the  light  of 
continued  and  careful  study  of  these  forms  in  conjunction  with  well- 
preserved  specimens  of  the  species  of  which  they  were  formerly  re- 
garded as  varieties. 

[PROG.  D.  A.  N.  8.,  VOL.  V.]  1  [April  15, 1886.] 

APR  26  1883 


2  DAVENPORT   ACADEMY    OF    NATURAL    SCIENCES. 

RISSOID^E. 

Genus  AMNICOLA  Gould  &  Haldeman  (1841). 
Amnicola  dalli,  sp.  nov. 

(Plate  I.,  Fip-s.  4-6.) 

Amnicola  dalli,  Call.  —  Bull.   U.  S.   Geol.   Sur.,  No.    n,  p.  45,   Plate  VI.,   Figs. 
4-6  (1884). 

Shell  narrowly  umbilicate,  obtusely  conical,  shining,  slightly  striated, 
brown  or  greenish  horn  color;  whorls  four,  convex,  gradually  increasing 
in  size;  suture  regularly  impressed,  somewhat  deep;  aperture  rounded 
before,  somewhat  angular  behind,  bluish  white  within  ;  lip  simple,  sharp, 
margins  joined  by  a  thick  callus,  columella  rather  reflexed. 

Length,  3.50™™;  breadth,  2.30'"™. 

Habitat  and  Station.  —  Mountain  streams  tributary  to  Pyramid  Lake, 
North-west  Nevada. 

For  the  diagnosis  of  the  lingual  dentition  I  am  indebted  to  Mr. 
Charles  E.  Beecher,  who  has  prepared  the  following  description  and 
illustrations  : 

"Jaw  thin,  membranaceous. 

"Odontophore  i.iommlong,  .  i3mm  wide.  In  a  full-grown  example 
the  odontophore  has  94  transverse  rows  of  teeth,  with  the  formula 

3  —  i  —  3- 

"Rhachidian  tooth  short  and  broad,  with  the  inferior  lateral  angles 
produced.  Cusp  with  seven  denticles,  of  which  the  central  one  is  the 
largest.  The  anterior  lateral  faces  are  each  furnished  with  a  short, 
strong,  conical  denticle,  and  the  adjacent  lateral  margin  of  the  tooth 
is  thickened  and  slightly  produced.  Formula  for  rhachidian  tooth  : 

3  +  1  +  3 


"Body  of  intermediate  tooth  quadrate;  infero-interior  angle  some- 
what produced  :  furnished  with  a  large  bullation,  into  which  the  infero- 
interior  angle  of  the  succeeding  tooth  appears  to  fit  as  if  for  articula- 
tion. Peduncle  long  and  straight.  Cusp  with  seven  strong  angular 
denticles,  arranged  according  to  the  formula  2  +  1  +  4. 

"Body  of  the  first  lateral  tooth  elongate-triangular,  oblique  to  the 
direction  of  the  broad  peduncle.  Cusp  inflected,  and  carrying  twenty- 
three  slender  denticles. 

"Outer  lateral  tooth  hamate,  with  no  marked  distinction  between  the 
body  and  peduncle.  Free  extremity  incurved  and  bearing  thirty-four 
minute  denticles.  The  denticle  formula  is,  therefore, 


CALL ON    NEW    MOLLUSCA.  3 

3  +  1+3 

34-23-7 i— ^ 7-23^34. 

"The  apparent  articulation  of  the  intermediate  teeth,  as  described 
above,  was  observed  in  a  fragment  of  an  odontophore  which  presented 
a  lateral  aspect  under  the  microscope.  It  is  not  known  that  this  feat- 
ure has  ever  been  noted  in  any  other  species,  although  it  very  proba- 
bly occurs  in  many  which  have  foraminated  or  bullate  teeth.  This 
disposition  of  the  teeth  would  allow  great  flexion  of  the  odontophore 
without  their  displacement." 


FIG.  i. —  Lingual  dentition  of  Amnicola  dalli,  Call  x  400. —  Beecher. 

a.— Two  of  tlu  transverse  rows  of  the  odontophore,  showing-  the  normal  position  of  the  teeth. 
The  teeth  are  considered  as  opaque. 

Analysis:  b.—  Outer  laterals,  c.—  First  laterals,  d.— Intermediate  teeth,  e.—  Rachidian 
teeth. 


FIG.  2. —  Intermediate  teeth  (  x  400),  showing  mode  of  articulation.— Beecher. 


4  DAVENPORT   ACADEMY    OF    NATURAL    SCIENCES. 

This  quite  distinct  form  was  collected  in  considerable  numbers  at 
Symon's  Stage  Station,  near  the  foot  of  Pyramid  Lake,  Nevada.  Its 
nearest  congener  is  A.  porata  Say,  from  which  it  differs  in  elevation, 
sculpturing,  and  dentition.  Since  this  last  character  is  the  one  of  chief 
importance,  the  description  of  the  dentition  is  here  given.  Comparing 
the  denticle  formulae  of  the  two  forms,  thus  : 

A.  porata. 

q    1    i     I    o 

30-18-5-    ^    "*"  --  5-18-30,* 

4  +  4 

A.  dalli. 
34_23-7-  -7-23-34, 

the  dissimilarity  is  strongly  marked.  Specimens  may  be  seen  in  nu- 
merous private  collections,  and  in  the  cabinets  of  the  Smithsonian  In- 
stitution, the  New  York  State  Museum  of  Natural  History,  and  the 
Davenport  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences. 

VALVATID^E. 

Genus  VALVATA  Miiller  (1774). 
Valvata  utahensis,  sp.  nov. 

(Plate  I.,  Fi^s.  1-3.) 

Valvata  sincera,  var.  utahensis.  Call.  —  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.,  No.  n,  p.  44,  Plate 
VI.,  Figs.  1-3  (1884). 

Shell  operculate,  narrowly  umbilicate,  conical,  with  minute  trans- 
verse striae,  shining,  somewhat  pellucid,  yellowish  horn  color  at  apex, 
white  below;  spire  obtusely  elevated,  flattened  at  tip;  suture  well  im- 
pressed ;  whorls  four,  convex,  regularly  increasing,  the  uppermost  ones 
with  a  single  well-marked  carina,  which  becomes  obsolete  on  the  last 
whorl  ;  last  whorl  equals  one-half  the  whole  length  of  the  shell  ;  aper- 
ture circular,  slightly  angled  posteriorly;  peristome  simple,  continuous, 
joined  to  the  next  whorl  above  by  a  very  slight  calcareous  deposit  ; 
within  white. 

Operculum  light  horn  color,  corneus,  spirally  multivolute,  slightly 
produced  posteriorly  to  conform  to  the  shape  of  the  aperture.  Denti- 
tion unpublished. 

Length,  4.80™™;  breadth,  3.2oinm. 

Habitat.—  Lakz  Utah,  Utah. 


*  After  Ctimpson,  Smithsonian  Misc.  Coll.,  No.  201,  p.  14,  Fig-.  6;  also  ibid.,  No.  144,  p.  80, 
ff.  158- 


CALL  -  ON    NEW    MOLLUSCA.  5 

This  form  was  dredged  by  the  writer,  in  August,  1883,  in  great  num- 
bers in  Utah  Lake,  near  Lehi,  not  far  from  the  head  of  the  River 
Jordan.  It  is  intermediate  between  Valvata  sincera  Say  and  V.  virens 
Tryon.  From  the  first  it  differs  in  the  unicarinate  upper  whorls,  in 
being  more  elevated,  in  possessing  a  very  much  smaller  umbilicus,  and 
in  its  greater  size.  From  the  second  it  differs  in  color,  size,  carination, 
and  form  of  aperture.  It  resembles,  in  some  respects,  V.  unicarinata 
De  Kay  (=  V.  tricar  inata  Say),  but  differs  in  size,  ornamentation,  and 
form  of  aperture.  Specimens  may  be  seen  in  the  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion, in  the  New  York  State  Museum  of  Natural  History,  in  the  Daven- 
port Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  and  in  the  private  collections  of 
Beecher,  Stearns,  Dall,  Aldrich,  and  the  writer. 


Genus  RADIX  Montfort  (i8ioj. 
Radix  utahensis,  sp.  nov. 

(Plate  I.,  Fiffs.  7-9.) 


Radix  ampla,  var.  ^tta/lensis,  Call.  —  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.,  No.  n,  p.  47,   Plate 
VI.,  Figs.  7-9  (1884). 

Shell  .globose,  somewhat  umbilicated,  irregularly  costate,  light  horn 
color,  nearly  pellucid;  spire  rather  small,  conical;  whorls  four  to  four 
and  one-half,  convex,  somewhat  flattened  above,  giving  rather  a  shoul- 
dered appearance  to  the  whorls,  rapidly  increasing  in  size,  the  last 
whorl  being  inflated,  with  numerous  rather  marked  transverse  costse, 
minutely  wrinkled;  suture  somewhat  deep,  regularly  impressed;  aper- 
ture elongately  ovate,  effuse,  approaching  patulous,  pearly  white  within  ; 
outer  lip  simple,  the  margin  connected  by  a  slight  calcareous  deposit; 
columella  somewhat  twisted,  but  straight  in  front.  Dentition  unpub- 
lished. Length  of  largest  specimen,  i6.82mrn;  breadth,  8.88mm.  The 
average  of  nine  specimens  gave  a  length  of  13  4olllm,  breadth  7.  iomm, 
with  about  the  same  ratio  for  corresponding  measurements  of  aperture. 

Length,   13.  40'"'";   breadth,   7.iomm. 

Length  of  aperture,  9.00™'";   breadth  of  aperture,  5.90""". 

Habitat  and  Station.  —  Lake  Utah,  Lehi,  Utah. 

This  is  a  rare  form  in  Utah  Lake,  its  only  locality  so  far  as  known. 
Its  nearest  affinity  is  Radix  ampla  Mighels.  In  the  preceding  refer- 
ence its  relation  to  Polyrhytis  kingii  Meek  has  been  noted.  It  was 
associated  with  abundant  specimens  of  the  Valvata  herein  described, 
and  with  Fluminicola  fusca  Haldeman  and  Sphcerium  dentatum  Halde- 
man.  Specimens  may  be  seen  as  above. 


DAVENPORT   ACADEMY    OF    NATURAL    SCIENCES. 


Genus  LIMNOPHYSA  Fitzinger  (1833). 
Limnophysa  bonnevillensis,  sp.  nov. 

(Plate  I.,  Figs.  10-13.) 

Limnophysa  bonnevillensis,  Call. —  Bull.   U.  S.  Geol.    Sur.,   No.    n,   p.   48,   Plate 
VI.,   Figs.  10-13  (1884). 

Shell  umbilicated,  elongate,  ventricose  or  bullate,  somewhat  solid, 
faintly  striate  and  very  minutely  reticulated  below  the  suture,  the  last 
whorl  bearing  faint  longitudinal  ridges  or  costae;  spire  elevated,  acute; 
suture  deeply  impressed;  whorls  4  to  4^2,  very  much  rounded,  some- 
times tending  to  geniculation  above,  the  last  whorl  equal  to  three- 
fourths  the  whole  length  of  the  shell,  rapidly  increasing  in  size,  much 
swollen,  somewhat  expanded  at  base;  columella  somewhat  plicate, 
slightly  callous,  regularly  arcuate;  columella  and  peristome  continu- 
ous; peristome  simple,  margins  joined  by  a  heavy  callus,  which  is  con- 
tinuous and  so  reflexed  as  to  partially  close  the  umbilicus;  aperture 
broadly  ovate,  often  patulous,  equal  to  one-half  the  entire  length  of  the 
shell,  oblique,  angled  slightly  behind. 

Fossil,  Quaternary.     Bonneville  Lake  beds,  Kelton,  Utah. 

The  four  largest  specimens  of  the  many  in  the  collections  give  the 
following  dimensions : 


SPECIMEN. 

LENGTH. 

BREADTH. 

1 

mm. 

15  00 

mm. 

7  80 

2 

11  00 

5  80 

3 

9  40 

5  20 

4.. 

18.50 

6.00 

STREPOMATID^E. 

Genus  GONIOBASIS  Lea  (1862). 

Goniobasis  stearnsiana,  sp.  nov. 


FIG.  3.  1 

GON.  STEARNSIANA.  2 


Shell  globose,  not  very  elongate, 
excavated  in  umbilical  region,  but  not 
umbilicated,  usually  coarsely  and  ob- 
liquely costate  on  upper  whorls;  spire 
conical,  not  much  elevated;  whorls 
5/^-6^,  scarcely  convex,  appressed 
at  the  suture,  body-whorl  very  large, 
more  than  equalling  one-half  the  en- 
tire length,  often  angulate  at  periph- 


CALL ON    NE\V     MOI.LTSCA.  7 

ery,  above  which  it  is  flattened,  many-banded  and  smooth,  or  bandless 
and  coarsely  multistriate,  the  striae  cord-like  and  variable  in  number, 
coarsely  and  obliquely  wrinkled  by  the  well-marked  lines  of  growth; 
suture  well  but  irregularly  impressed;  aperture  oblique,  trapezoidal, 
twice  as  long  as  broad,  effuse,  white  or  creamy-white  within,  often 
banded  with  broad  purple  bands,  slightly  retuse  at  columellar  region; 
peristome  simple,  sigmoid,  a  little  thickened,  somewhat  rerlexed  at 
base  of  columella;  columella  thickened,  always  white,  twisted ;  parietal 
wall  usually  with  a  thick  deposit  of  callus,  which  is  sensibly  thickened 
near  the  posterior  angle  of  aperture. 

Operculum  black,  otherwise  as  usual  in  the  genus. 

Habitat  and  Station, — This  shell  occurred  only  in  a  limited  area  in 
Dyke's  Creek,  a  clear  and  cold  mountain  stream  tributary  to  the  Etowah 
River,  Floyd  County,  Georgia.  Associated  with  it  were  numerous  speci- 
mens of  Margaritana  georgiana  Lea,  two  species  of  undetermined  Unio, 
Goniobasis  vittata  Anthony,  and  Goniobasis  bella  Conrad.  It  has  the 
habit  of  Anculosa,  and  is  to  be  sought  only  in  the  most  swiftly  flowing 
and  deepest  portions  of  the  stream,  on  rocks.  It  is  not  abundant,  the 
most  painstaking  examination  revealing  some  two  hundred  individuals. 

The  characters  given  are  those  which  appear  to  be  most  constant, 
though  some  of  these  are  variable.  The  variations,  as  usual  in  this 
family,  range  through  wide  limits.  Thus,  occasional  specimens  of  the 
smooth  and  banded  type  depart  so  far  from  the  figure  that  the  whorls 
are  loosely  coiled  and  very  much  rounded;  this  does  not  appear  to  be 
of  varietal  value,  but  is  pathologic.  The  color,  again,  ranges  from  light 
yellow  to  dark  olive,  and  the  peripheral  angle  becomes  almost  a  carina. 
The  average  dimensions  of  seventeen  individuals  are,  for  length,  21. 14'"'" ; 
for  breadth,  I2.o2mm.  The  largest  specimen  has  a  length  of  26.o8mm 
and  a  diameter  of  14.00""". 

Specimens  may  be  seen  in  the  United  States  National  Museum, 
Cornell  University,  New  York  State  Museum  of  Natural  History, 
Amherst  College,  Davenport  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  and  in  the 
private  collections  of  C.  E.  Beecher,  T.  H.  Aldrich,  and  the  writer. 
The  species  is  named  in  honor  of  Dr.  R.  E.  C.  Stearns,  so  well  known 
for  his  researches  on  the  Pacific  Coast  mollusca. 


8 


DAVENPORT    ACADEMY    OF    NATURAL    SCIENCES. 


CORBICULID^:. 

Genus  SPH^ERIUM  Scopoli  (1777). 
Sphserium   uintaense,    sp.  nov. 

Shell  thin,  small,  globose,  ventricose,  slightly 
inequilateral,  posterior  and  anterior  margins  well 
rounded,  very  slightly  produced  posteriorly;  um- 
bones  large,  subcalyculate,  full,  rounded,  dark, 
retaining  embryonic  shell,  approximate;  basal 
margin  rounded,  thus  giving  a  circular  outline  to 
shell;  epidermis  shining,  dark  straw  or  olive  col- 
ored, substriate,  light  yellowish  on  basal  margin ; 
cardinal  teeth  microscopic,  slightly  in  advance  of 
the  middle  region  of  the  umbones,  not  widely 
separating;  lateral  teeth  small,  short,  somewhat 
upcurved. 

Viewed  in  profile  from  in  front,  the  point  of  junc- 
tion of  lower  portion  of  valves  with  the  embry- 
onic shell  appears  as  a  well-marked  obtuse  angle. 
Length,  4. 76mm;  diameter,  4.o2nim;  number  of 
specimens,  eight. 

Habitat  and  Station. —  A  lake  in  the  Uinta 
Mountains,  Utah,  at  an  elevation  of  10,500  feet. 
The  specimens  were  communicated  by  Prof. 
Orson  Howard,  of  Salt  Lake  City,  and  were 
collected  by  him  in  August,  1885. 
This  species  is  remarkable  for  its  small  size,  all  the  specimens  seen 
being  mature,  and  one  with  fry,  and  for  the  great  elevation  at  which  it 
occurred.  This  is  by  far  the  greatest  hypsometic  range  recorded  for 
any  lamellibranch.  The  lake  is  snow-fed,  and  therefore  its  normal 
temperature  must  be  far  below  that  of  waters  in  which  the  Corbicu- 
lidce  usually  occur.  Its  extreme  fragility  and  small  size,  it  is  believed, 
must  be  coordinated  with  these  features  of  its  environment.  Specimens 
are  in  the  collection  of  Prof.  O.  Howard  and  of  the  writer. 

It  may  not  be  altogether  improper,  in  this  connection,  to  advert  to 
the  lax  usage  of  naturalists  in  connection  with  the  terms  habitat  and 
station.  They  are  used  as  though  strictly  synonymic,  while  possessed 
of  a  definite  and  precise  meaning.  It  is  proposed,  therefore,  that  the 
term  habitat  be  used  in  the  sense  of  geographic  distribution,  while  sta- 
tion should  be  used  always  and  alone  to  indicate  the  immediate  phys- 
ical environment  of  the  form  considered.  Such  is  the  sense  herein  con- 
templated. 


PLATE   I. 


FlGS.    1-3  —  Valvata  utahensis. 
4-6  —  Amnicola  dalli. 
7-9  —  Radix  ittahensis. 
10—13  —  Limiiophysa  bonnevillensis. 


PROCEEDINGS  DAVENPORT  ACADEMY  OF  NATURAL  SCIENCES— VOL.  V. 

PLATE  I. 


11 


CALL   ON   NEW   MOLLUSCA. 


(From  Proceedings  Davenport  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences^  Vol.   V. ) 

ON    PYRGULOPSIS,   A    NEW    GENUS    OF   RISSOID 

MOLLUSK,  WITH  DESCRIPTIONS  OF 

TWO  NEW  FORMS. 

BY    R.    ELLSWORTH    CALL    AND    HARRY    A.    PILSBRY. 
Rtad  before  the  Academy,  February  sbth,  i88b. 

IN  September,  1883,  Mr.  R.  E.  C.  Stearns  described  a  rissoid  mol- 
lusk  from  Pyramid  Lake,  Nevada,  under  the  name  of  Pyrgula  neva- 
densis.  His  description  was  based,  in  part,  upon  material  furnished 
by  one  of  the  present  writers,  which  was,  at  that  time,  inconsiderable 
in  amount.  In  the  following  year  the  form  was  collected  in  almost 
incredible  numbers  in  the  original  locality,  and  studied  by  Messrs. 
Call  and  Beecher  in  as  complete  a  manner  as  rather  unfavorable  cir- 
cumstances would  admit.  At  that  time  the  generic  reference  of  the 
species  appeared  to  be  unquestionable,  and,  in  the  absence  of  speci- 
mens of  European  Pyrgula  for  comparison,  was  agreed  upon  as  prob- 
ably correct.  Since  this  later  study  of  the  Nevada  form,  in  which  the 
dentition  was  illustrated  and  found  to  be  rissoid,  additional  data  have 
accumulated,  which  appear  to  render  impossible  the  original  generic 
reference.  These  data  consist,  in  the  main,  of  a  careful  study  of  the  orig- 
inal bibliographic  matter  concerning  the  institution  of  Pyrgula  as  a 
genus,  of  the  discovery  of  at  least  two  additional  forms  which  seem  to  be 
congeneric  with  Pyrgula  nevadensis,  neither  of  which  agree  with  typical 
Pyrgula,  either  in  station  or  understood  hypsometric  range,  and  of 
certain  conchologic  features  that  appear  in  the  following  diagnosis.  In 
the  further  absence  of  any  generic  group  which  will  include  these  shells, 
it  has  seemed  proper  to  institute  for  their  reception  a  genus  that  would 
do  no  violence  to  their  conchologic  affinities  or  to  their  geographic 
distribution.  We  therefore  propose  the  name  of  Pyrgulopsis  for  these 
forms,  and  define  the  genus  as  follows : 

PYRGULOPSIS,  gen.  nov. 

(Etymology:   Pyrgula,  and  opsis  =  aspect  of.) 

Type,  Pyrgulopsis  nevadensis  Stearns. 
Pyrgula  nevadensis  Stearns.-    Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  1883. 

Generic  characters:  Shell  minute,  conically  turreted,  somewhat 
elongated,  imperforate,  unicarinate;  apex  acute;  aperture  ovate;  peri- 
treme  continuous. 

[Puoc.  D.  A.  N.  3.,  VOL.  V.  |  2  [May  25,  1888.] 


10  DAVENPORT    ACADEMY    OF    NATURAL    SCIENCES. 

Operculum  ovate,  thin,  corneous,  spiral,  with  polar  point  well  forward 
and  approximating  the^columella. 

Jaw  thin,  membranaceous. 

Odontophore  with  teeth  arranged  in  transverse  rows,  according  to 
the  formula  3  +  1  +  3.  Formula  for  denticles  of  rhachidian  : 


1  +  1. 

Distribution  :  Western  and  South-western  United  States,  in  fresh  or 
brackish  water. 

So  far  as  known  to  us,  the  typical  European  Pyrgula  are  bicarinate 
or  multicarinate.  The  type  of  the  genus  is  the  species  described  by 
Michelin*  as  Melania  helvetica.  The  founders  of  the  genus,  Christoforo 
and  Jan,  described  the  same  form  as  Pyrgula  annulata,  from  a  locality 
in  Switzerland.  Figures  n  and  12  of  Plate  II.  are  drawn  from  Switzer- 
land specimens  of  this  form. 

As  above  defined,  this  genus  will  include  the  form  described  by  Mr. 
John  Wolf  as  Pyrgula  s  c  alar  if  or  mis.  ^  Although  the  first  described 
species,  it  was  not  considered  advisable  to  constitute  this  form  the  type 
of  the  genus.  Being  a  post-pliocene  fossil,  it  was  impossible  to  indi- 
cate those  characters  in  the  animal  itself  which  are  desirable  in  framing 
an  intelligible  diagnosis.  These  have,  so  far  as  the  opercukim  and 
dentition  go,  been  studied  in  the  Nevada  form  only.  The  remaining 
species  to  be  included  are,  besides  the  type,  P.  mississippiensis,  sp. 
nov.,  and  P.  spinosus,  sp.  nov. 

DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SPECIES    OF    PYRGULOPSIS. 

Pyrgulopsis  nevadensis  Stearns. 

(Plate  II.,  Fig-s.  i-io.) 

Pyrgula  nevadensis  Stearns.  —  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  173,  figure  (1883). 
—  Call  and  Beecher,  Am.  Nat.,  Sept.  1884,  Vol.  XVIII.  ,  pp.  851-855;  from 
this  paper  the  present  account  of  the  dentition  is  copied.  —  Call,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  No.  n,  1884. 

Shell  small,  somewhat  elongated,  variable,  turreted,  imperforate; 
whorls  4/^-5^2,  strongly  unicarinate  on  periphery,  otherwise  smooth; 
epidermis  shining,  light  straw  color  or  whitish,  white  at  suture;  suture 
deeply  and  regularly  impressed,  made  conspicuous  by  the  approximat- 
ing carina;  aperture  very  oblique,  roundly  ovate,  with  an  angle  on 
outer  edge  corresponding  to  the  excavated  carina,  posteriorly  sharply 


*Ma#azin  de  Zoologie,  p.  37,  Plate  xxxvii.  (1831.) 

\Vide  American  Journal  of  Conchology,  Vol.  V.,  1869,  p.  198,  Plate  xvii.,  Fig".  3. 


CALL    AND    PILSBRY  -  ON    PYRGULOPSIS.  II 

angled,  well  rounded  before;  peritreme  continuous,  almost  rimate, 
closely  appressed  to  parietal  wall. 

Operculum  light  corneous,  spiral,  closely  fitting  the  aperture. 

The  following  account  and  illustration  of  the  dentition  is  by  Mr. 
Charles  E.  Beecher,  who  has  devoted  much  attention  to  the  dentition 
of  this  group  : 

"Jaw  thin,  membranaceous. 

"Odontophore  .62mm  in  length,  and  .i5mm  in  width.  There  are  usu- 
ally fifty-five  transverse  rows  of  teeth,  arranged  according  to  the  for- 
mula 3  —  i  —  3,  which  is  common  to  the  family  Rissoida. 

"Rhachis  distinct,  occupying  one-fourth  the  width  of  the  ribbon. 
Rhachidian  tooth  (Fig.  i)  short  and  broad,  with  the  infero-lateral  angles 
produced  and  slightly  arcuate.  On  each  side  of  the  anterior  face  is  a 
strong,  short,  conical  process  or  basal  tooth  projecting  outward  and 
somewhat  downward.  Basal  margin  trilobate;  central  lobe  truncate. 
Cusp  curved  forward,  and  extended  into  a  strong  denticle  with  four 
smaller  ones  on  each  side.  The  formula  of  the  denticles  for  this  tooth 
would,  therefore,  be  : 


1  +  1 

"Body  of  intermediate  tooth*  subrhomboidal,  with  the  infero-interior 
angle  slightly  produced  and  with  an  angulation  in  the  margin  above. 
From  this  point  there  is  a  thickening  or  ridge  extending  toward  the 
fixed  end.  Peduncle  longer  than  the  body  of  the  tooth.  Upper  mar- 
gin abruptly  curved  forward  and  marked  by  seven  denticles,  of  which 
the  third  inner  one  is  usually  the  largest;  the  formula  for  this  tooth 
may  be  written  2  +  1  +  4. 

"Inner  lateral  tooth  (Fig.  3)  spoon-shaped,  with  the  infero-interior 
margin  angular.  Upper  anterior  margin  marked  with  a  fringe  of  about 
twenty-four  denticles,  decreasing  in  length  from  the  interior  extremity. 
Peduncle  straight,  wider  than  the  body. 

"Outer  lateral  tooth  (Fig.  4)  falciform,  straight  along  the  peduncle. 
Anterior  margin  and  extremity  denticulated  with  thirty  minute  denti- 
cles, usually  decreasing  in  length  toward  the  distal  extremity,  but 
subject  to  some  variation.  The  denticulate  margin  extends  more  than 
one-third  the  length  of  the  tooth.  Peduncles  slender  and  nearly 
straight. 

"The  formula  for  the  denticles  is: 

30-24-7-  -7-24-30. 

"There  is  a  marked  variation  in  the  character  of  the  denticles  on  the 
intermediate  and  lateral  teeth.  On  the  intermediate  they  are  large, 


*  It  is  proposed  by  Mr.  Beecher  and  the  senior  writer  to  give  to  this  tooth  the  name  of 
admedian.  In  a  forthcoming'  monograph  of  the  Rissoida  that  name  will  be  constantly  so  em- 
ployed. 


12 


DAVENPORT    ACADEMY    OF    NATURAL    SCIENCES. 


angular,  and  somewhat  irregular.  The  lateral  teeth  are  uniformly 
marked  by  a  regular  fringe  of  slender  denticles,  which  are  much 
smaller  on  the  outer  lateral. 

"Some  portions  of  the  membrane  and  different  specimens  show  con- 
siderable variation  in  the  length  and  strength  of  the  denticles  on  the 
lateral  teeth,  and  sometimes  their  number  seems  subject  to  some 
mutation.  The  numbers  given  in  the  formulae  were  averaged  from 
several  enumerations,  and  represent  the  comparative  denticulation  of 
the  teeth." 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    FIGURES. 

(All  figures  enlarged  to  500  diameters.) 

FIG.  i.—  Rhachidian  teeth. 
"      2.— Intermediate  teeth. 
"      3.— Inner  laterals. 
"      4. —  Outer  laterals. 
"      5. —  A  portion  of  the  odontophore,  representing-  the  teeth  in  their  natural  position. 


CALL    AND    PILSBRY ON    PYRGULOPSIS.  13 

This  species  has  a  limited  distribution,  occurring  only,  so  far  as 
present  information  goes,  in  North-western  Nevada,  in  Walker  and 
Pyramid  Lakes.  Living  forms  have  been  collected  only  in  the  last- 
named  locality. 

The  description  of  Dr.  Stearns  has  been  amended  to  form  a  diag- 
nosis as  complete  as  very  extensive  series  would  permit.  The  shell  is 
exceedingly  variable,  ranging  from  short  and  stout  to  long  and  slender, 
and  from  strongly  carinate  to  entirely  smooth.  Figures  6,  7,  and  8  of 
Plate  II.  show  the  smooth  forms  and  the  variations  to  which  they  are 
inclined. 

Pyrgulopsis  mississippiensis,  sp.  nov. 

(Plate  II.,  Fig-s.  14-16.) 

Pyrgula    scalar  if ormis,  var.   mississippiensis  Pilsbry.  —  Am.   Nat.,   Jan.    1886,  p. 
75.     No  description. 

Shell  minute,  pupiform,  elevated,  imperforate;  whorls  5/^-6,  flat- 
tened, with  a  well-marked  carina  on  lower  third,  which  becomes  cen- 
tral on  periphery  of  last  whorl,  body-whorl  equal  to  one-half  entire 
length  of  shell  and  bluntly  angulated  at  position  of  carina;  epidermis 
— ;  suture  distinct,  deeply  impressed  only  at  commencement  of 
last  whorl  and  below,  above  last  whorl  covered  by  carina;  aperture 
narrowly  ovate,  broadly  rounded  before  and  narrowly  rounded  behind, 
very  oblique;  peritreme  continuous,  almost  rimate,  slightly  reflected 
over  the  parietal  wall ;  lip  simple,  sharp. 

Animal  unknown. 

This  form  has  hitherto  occurred  only  in  the  Mississippi  River,  near 
the  mouth  of  Rock  River,  on  the  Illinois  side  —  Rock  Island  County, 
Illinois.  Many  dead  specimens  have  been  taken,  but,  as  yet,  no  living 
ones.  It  differs  in  important  particulars  from  the  P.  scalar  if  or  mis, 
Wolf,  which  is  "carinate  its  entire  length,"  has  a  different  aperture, 
and  is  markedly  different  in  the  character  of  the  sutures.  Our  species 
is  ecarinate  on  all  whorls  above  the  body-whorl,  the  carina  being  de- 
pressed and  filling  entirely  the  suture.  The  outlines  of  the  apical 
whorls  are  wholly  unlike  the  figured  type  of  Wolf's  species.  The  aver- 
age measurements  of  the  four  specimens  upon  which  the  preceding 
description  is  based' are,  for  length,  4.66mm;  for  breadth,  i.6iinm.  The 
proportions  of  length  and  breadth,  while  variable,  do  not  vary  within 
so  wide  limits  as  the  P.  nevadensis.  The  individual  measurements  are 
as  follows: 

Specimen  i. —  Length,  3.58"™;    breadth,   i.6omm. 
2.—  3-38mm;  1.56"™. 

j.—  3-5omm;  i.  64™". 

4. —       "          3.40""";          "          1.64""". 


14  DAVENPORT   ACADEMY    OF    NATURAL    SCIENCES. 

Pyrgulopsis  spinosus,  sp.  nov. 

(Plate  II.,  Figs.   17-19.) 

Shell  minute,  imperforate,  turreted,  unicarinate,  carina  modified 
into  spinous  processes  on  »last  three  whorls,  darker  colored  than 
balance  of  shell;  whorls  5-5^2,  first  two  rounded,  destitute  of  spines 
or  carina,  the  last  three  somewhat  geniculate,  angled  at  location 
of  carina,  body-whorl  large,  sometimes  with  an  occasional  spine 
below  the  carina;  epidermis  light  horn  color,  nearly  white  at  apex, 
with  microscopic  longitudinal  revolving  striae,  shining;  aperture  roundly 
ovate,  slightly  longer  than  broad,  rounded  anteriorly;  peristome  not 
continuous,  sharp,  simple,  slightly  reflected  near  the  columella,  sug- 
gesting a  faint  umbilicus ;  suture  slightly  impressed. 

Operculum  spiral,  reddish  horn  color. 

Specimen  i. —  Length,  3.86""";   breadth,  2.34mm. 
2.—  3.oomm;  i.88mm. 

j.—  3.o6mm;  1.52""".' 

Habitat. —  Comal  Creek,  a  clear  stream  at  New  Braunfels,  Texas, 
on  rocky  bottoms.  It  was  associated  with  numerous  specimens  of 
Goniobasis  pleuristriata  Say,  Amnicola  (species  undetermined),  and 
Bythinella  (species  undetermined). 

In  some  particulars  this  form  may  be  compared  with  Stimpson's 
genus  Potamopyrgus.  It  differs  radically,  however,  in  the  character  of 
the  spinous  processes,  which  in  that  type  are  epidermal,  while  in  our 
form  they  are  true  testaceous  products.  It  is  the  only  spinous  rissoid 
described  from  the  United  States. 

Pyrgulopsis  scalariformis  Wolf. 

(Plate  II.,  Fig-.  13.) 

Pyrgula   scalariformis  Wolf. — Am.   Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  V.,  p.  198,   Plate  xvii., 
Fig.  3  (1869). 

"Shell  turreted,  slender;  whorls  6,  chalky  white;  suture  deeply  im- 
pressed; carinate  its  entire  length  on  the  lower  edge  of  the  whorls; 
mouth  small,  ovate,  but  slightly  connected  with  the  last  whorl.  Length, 
one-half  inch. 

"Post-pliocene;  abundant  on  the  Tazewell  shore  of  the  Illinois 
River."  (Wolf.) 

No  other  locality  has  been  recorded,  and  no  living  specimens  have 
ever  been  taken.  The  figure  is  a  copy  of  the  original,  and  has  been 
the  main  reliance  in  referring  the  species  to  this  genus.  We  have  not 
been  able  to  procure  from  the  author  either  the  types  or  authentic 
specimens  for  examination. 


PLATE   II. 


All  original  figures  except  14  b,  14  c,  and  17  a  are  enlarged  three  diameters. 

FIGS.    i—6  —  P.  nevadensis,  carinate  forms. 
7-8 —  smooth  var. 

9  —  operculum. 

10 —  Outline  of  Stearns'  figure 

in  Proc.   Phila.   Ac.   Nat.   Sci.,  p.   173, 
(1883). 
II  — 12  —  Pyrgula  helvetica    Mich. 

13  —  P.  scalariformis  —  Copy  of  Wolf's  figure 
in  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  Vol.  V.,  pi.  xvii., 
fig-  3- 

14-16  —  P.   mississippiensis. 
17-19  —  P.  spinosus. 

All  figures  except  10  and  13  are  drawn  from  specimens  in  the  authors'  cabinets. 


PROCEEDINGS  DAVENPORT  ACADEMY  OF  NATURAL  SCIENCES  — VOL.  V. 

PLATE   II. 


i 


4 


A 


*    *    4    * 


.4 

%^7 


/f 


CALL    AND  PILSBRY   ON   PYKGULOPSIS. 


1887.]       PROCEEDINGS  OF  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM.       497 

ries  edged  with  the  color  of  the  back,  the  throat  pale  ochraceous,  and 
the  breast  and  upper  belly  narrowly  streaked  with  ochraceous. 

3.  Dendrocincla  minor  PELZ. 

Dendrocincla  minor  Pelz.,  Om.  Bras.,  1871,  42,  60  (S.  Vicente,  Brazil). 

UD.  supra -olivaceo  brunnea,  pileo  nuchaque  striis  scapalibus  augustis 
ochraceis,  stria  ab  oculo  versus  nucham  ducta  ferruginea  valde  distincta, 
uropygio  et  tectricibus  caudre  superioribus  paruin  rufescentibus,  tectri- 
cibus,  alarum  superioribus  et  remigum  limbo  augustissimo  dorso  con- 
coloribus,  remigibus  cinnamomeo  runs,  niajoribus  apicibus  brunneis, 
tectricibus  alarum  inferioribus  pallide  ferrugineis,  cauda  cinnamomeo 
rufa,  gula  et  capitis  lateribus  pallide  griseis,  scapis  plumarurn  ochra. 
scentibus,  gastrteo  reliquo  color!  dorsi,  plumarum  pectoris  scapis 
ochraceo,  rostro  corneo  nigro,  pedibus  corneis.  Lougit.  7J",  alae  3" 
S'",  rostri  a  fronte  9'",  a  rictu  14'",  caudae  3"  3'",  tars.  9'". 

"  The  only  specimen  of  this  species,  an  old  female,  was  shot  in  the 
woods  at  St.  Vicente  in  December  by  Mr.  H.  Sochor. 

"  It  is  similar  to  I),  meruloides  LAFR.,  but  is  smaller  than  both  of  the 
species  with  which  D.  meruloides  (of  which  no  measurements  have  been 
published)  has  been  compared.  The  yellow  streak  behind  the  eye  is 
also  very  prominent,  as  in  D.  fumigata. 

"  D.  olivacea  Lawr from  Kew  Granada  seems  to  be  larger;  it 

shows  a  blackish  line  from  the  upper  mandible  to  the  eye«and  an  oblong 
spot  of  the  same  color  beneath  the  eye ;  the  lower  mandible  is  whitish."* 
(Translation.) 

This  species  is  also  unknown  to  me. 

*  This  is  an  error,  only  a  streak  on  the  gonys  being  whitish.  The  supposed  blackish 
streaks  also  have  no  existence  in  fact,  although  mentioned  both  by  Mr.  Lawrence,  in 
his  original  description,  and  in  remarks  quoted  by  him  from  Dr.  Sclater.  They  ap- 
parently consist  of  mere  shadows,  caused  by  the  feathers  standing  on  end,  thus  giving, 
the  appearance  of  dark  markings  unless  carefully  examined. 
Proc.  N.  M.  87 32 


JOHN  RiTCHfj^R 

BOX  272:,  D?3^x5y,  f:\ 


DESCRIPTIONS   OF   TWO   NEW     SPECIES    OF   THE   GENUS   UNIO, 
FROM  THE  OZARK  REGION  OF  MISSOURI. 

By  R.  ELJLSWORTH  CALL. 

(Plates  XXVII,  XXVIII.) 

The  collections  in  which  these  forms  occurred  were  made  in  July,  1886. 
The  associated  species  were  Unio  iris  Lea,  Margaritana  deltoidea  Lea,  and 
abundant,  though  as  yet  undetermined  Strepomatidcc,  of  the  genus  Gonio- 
basis.  The  streams  were  characteristic  of  mountain  areas,  being  shal- 
low, swift,  and  limpid,  with  rocky  bottoms.  In  occasional  ponds,  occupy- 
ing depressions  which  were  filled  at  seasons  of  floods,  were  found  nu- 
merous examples  of  Unio  subrostratus  Say,  and  Anodonta  grandis  Say, 
both  of  which  were  remarkable  for  their  large  size  and  perfect  condi- 
tion. It  should  be  further  noted  that  the  streams  from  which  these 
shells  came,  form  a  portion  of  the  southern  drainage  of  the  Ozarks. 

Unio  ozarkensis,  sp.  nov.     (Plate  xxvii,  Figs.  1-3  <?,  4  $). 

Shell  smooth,  elliptical,  somewhat  compressed  laterally,  inequilateral, 
thick,  but  thickest  anteriorly;  epidermis  thin,  striate  towards  the 
margins,  yellowish-brown  or  olivaceous,  marked  with  numerous  obscure 
narrow  green  rays  disposed  regularly  over  the  central  portion  of  the 
disk ;  lines  of  growth  rather  numerous,  dark,  well  marked  ;  dorso-pos- 
terior  margin  curved ;  posterior  umbonal  slopes  always  eradiate,  more 
or  less  biangulate,  which  angulations  continued  posteriorly  mark  the 
siphonal  area  and  render  the  posterior  margin  triangular  ;  umbones 
small,  triangular,  scarcely  prominent,  approximating,  marked — in  non- 
eroded  specimens — by  two  or  three  rather  coarse  undulations;  liga- 
ment short,  thick,  light  brown ;  cardinal  teeth  disposed  to  be  double 
in  both  valves,  short,  oblique,  thick,  unequally  bifid,  striated,  the  pos- 
terior division  generally  thickest  and  heaviest ;  lateral  teeth  rather 
short,  slender,  slightly  curved,  crenulate  at  extremities,  in  general  di- 
rection forming  nearly  a  right  angle  with  a  line  drawn  through  the  tip 
of  the  umbo  and  the  anterior  division  of  the  cardinal  tooth ;  anterior 
cicatrices  deep,  pit-like,  striate,  confluent,  though  in  occasional  speci- 
mens the >  protractor -pcdis  impression  is  distinct  from  the  adductors  and 
deep ;  posterior  cicatrices  distinct,  that  of  the  adductor  muscle  being 
usually  well  impressed,  that  of  the  retractor-pedis  muscle  circular,  pit- 
like,  impresed  at  extreme  end  of  lateral  tooth ;  pallial  cicatrix  well  im- 
pressed throughout,  but  especially  marked  anteriorly  ;  dorsal  cicatrices 
irregularly  crowded  and  placed  near  the  inferior  edge  of  the  plate  which 
connects  the  lateral  and  cardinal  teeth ;  nacre  usually  silvery  white, 
occasionally  salmon  or  warm  pink,  iridescent  posteriorly.  Length 
5450mm.  breadth  15.28mm ;  height  32.7Gmju. 
498 


1887.]       PROCEEDINGS  OF  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM.        499 

Common  in  Currant  river,  Shannon  county,  Mo.,  and  in  Jack's  fork 
and  Big  creek,  tributaries  to  it. 

In  general  form  this  shell  resembles  Unio  lenticularis,  Lea,  and  Unio 
connasaugemis,  Lea,  from  Tennessee,  with  which  species  it  groups. 
Owing  to  the  degeneration  of  the  alcohol  in  which  a  number  of  speci- 
mens were  collected  it  is  impossible  to  give  any  account  of  the  soft 
parts,  which  were  destroyed.  My  note-book,  however,  shows  that  the 
ova  are  pinkish,  and  that  the  general  characters  of  the  ctenidia  are 
similar  to  those  exhibited  by  Unio  rubiginosus,  Lea,  which  species  this 
shell  in  no  other  particulars  at  all  resembles. 

A  single  individual  among  the  hundred  or  more  found  exhibited  the 
cardinal  teeth  normally  disposed,  but  the  lateral  teeth  were  reversed ; 
i.  e.,  single  in  the  left  and  double  in  the  right  valve.  Instances  of  a 
similar  partial  reversion  are  not  uncommon,  while  complete  reversion, 
though  rare,  is  exemplified  in  a  number  of  common  species. 

Unio  breviculus,  sp.  nov.  (Plate  xxviii,  Figs  1,  la,  Ib  male ;  2,  2a,  2b  female). 

Shell  smooth,  ovate  elliptical,  inequilateral,  subiuflated,  biangular 
posteriorly,  circularly  rounded  before,  somewhat  incrassate ;  umbones 
slightly  elevated,  so  much  eroded  that  minute  characters  are  inde- 
terminate ;  ligametit  large,  thick,  black,  or  dark  brown ;  epidermis  yel- 
lowish horn-color,  smooth,  polished,  rayed  with  dark  green  over  the 
whole  disk,  the  rays  often  interrupted  by  the  lines  of  growth,  which  are 
numerous,  but  somewhat  indistinct;  umbonal  slope  rounded,  depressed 
in  the  male,  slightly  elevated  in  the  female  5  posterior  outline  emargin- 
ate  in  the  female  ventral  of  the  siphonal  area,  dorsal  outline  rounded  ; 
cardinal  teeth  double  in  the  left  and  single  in  the  right  valve,  short, 
erect,  triangular,  solid,  smooth,  or  scarcely  crenulate ;  plate  connecting 
laterals  with  cardinal  teeth  thick,  somewhat  arched ;  lateral  teeth 
rather  short,  thick,  slightly  curved,  smooth ;  anterior  cicatrices  dis- 
tinct, large,  deeply  impressed ;  posterior  cicatrices  confluent,  well  im- 
pressed, that  of  the  retractor  pedis  muscle  at  tip  of  base  of  lateral  tooth 
but  not  on  it ;  dorsal  cicatrices  numerous  and  deeply  impressed  in  the 
cavity  of  the  umbones ;  nacre  salmon  colored,  occasionally  white. 
Length  71.00mm;  breadth  27. 20mm;  height  45.50min. 

Animal  dirty  yellowish  white ;  labial  palps  short,  ovately  triangular, 
adherent  at  base,  laterally  united  so  as  to  form  an  oval  groove,  midway 
from  the  extremities  of  which  is  placed  the  mouth.  In  the  specimens 
examined  only  the  anterior  one- third  of  the  external  branchiae  contained 
ova.  This  portion  was  characterized  by  the  heavy  deposit  of  pigment- 
ary matter  at  the  apex  of  the  chambers,  while  the  remaining  margins  of 
the  branchia)  were  uniform  in  coloration  with  the  mass  of  the  animal. 
The  posterior  borders  of  the  mantle  were,  as  usual,  differentiated  into 
a  series  of  tentacular  folds ;  those  surrounding  the  incurrent  and  ex- 
current  orifices  were  yellow  and  brown — the  remainder  were  black. 

There  is  no  well-known  Unio  with  which  this  form  is  comparable. 


500  NEW    SPECIES    OF    UNIO. 

While  the  males  sustain  a  general  resemblance  to  Unio  clarkianus,  Lea, 
and  Unio  gerliardtii  Lea,  the  emarginate  character  of  the  female  form 
is  utterly  unlike  anything  exhibited  by  the  females  of  Lea's  types. 

This  form  occurs  abundantly  in  the  same  streams  as  the  preceding, 
outnumbering  the  other  forms  found  combined.  The  specimens  fig- 
ured, while  not  the  largest,  are  of  average  dimensions.  Specimens  of 
both  species  may  be  seen  in  the  United  States  National  Museum. 

DBS  MOINES,  IOWA,  October  12,  1887. 


Proceedings  U.  S.  National  Museum,  Vol.  X,  1887.-  Call. 


PLATE  XXVII. 


Vnio  ozarkcnsis,  sp.  nov.    Fijrs.  1-3,  male ;  4,  female.  ?  d7.  498J 


Proceedings  U.  S.  National  Museum,  Vol.  X,  1887.— Call. 


PLATE  XXVIIL 


Vnio  breviculus,  sp.  nov.    Fi?s.  1,  1«,  16,  male;  2,  2a,  2&,  female.; 


On  the  Gross  Anatomy  of  Campeloma- 


BY  E.  ELLSWORTH  CALL/ 


[From  the  June  number  of  the  AMERICAN  NATURALIST.] 


On  the  Gross  Anatomy  of  Campeloma, 


BY  B.  ELLSWORTH  CALL. 


[From  the  June  number  of  the  AMERICAN  NATURALIST.] 


Gross  Anatomy  of  Campeloma.  491 

ON  THE  GROSS  ANATOMY  OF  CAMPELOMA. 

BY   R.    ELLSWORTH    CALL. 

fTHE  collection  of  a  large  number  of  specimens  of  Campeloma 
•*•  subsolidum  Anthony,  in  the  Des  Moines  river,  Iowa,  in  early 
August,  presented  opportunities  to  somewhat  carefully  study  the 
coarser  anatomy  of  the  genus  as  exhibited  in  this  species.  The 
results  of  this  study  are  herein  given.  It  may  be  noted,  as  intro- 
ductory, that  an  unexpected  closeness  of  structure  to  that  of  the 
foreign^  genus  Paludina  was  developed,  and,  further,  that  the  gen- 
eral diagnosis  given  by  Dr.  Stimpson1  will  need  some  slight  emen- 
dation, particularly  in  respect  to  certain  external  characters,  and  in 
respect  to  the  lingual  teeth  and  the  branchial  lamina. 

External  Characters. — In  the  living  and  recently  dead  animal 
the  color  of  the  foot-mass  is  light  lead  or  bluish  white.  Viewed 
from  above,  the  cervical  lappets,  foot,  operculigerous  lobe,  tentacles 
and  proboscis  are  further  enlivened  by  irregularly  scattered  bright 
orange-yellow  dots.  These  dots  are,  on  the  tentacles  and  proboscis^ 
arranged  in  somewhat  regular  transverse  rows,  giving  a  barred 
appearance  to  each.  These  last-named  organs  are,  moreover,  marked 
by  an  abundant  deposition  of  black  pigment  immediately  under 
the  cuticular  membrane.  The  under  surface  of  the  foot,  the  crawl- 
ing disk,  shows,  in  living  specimens,  the  large  longitudinal  pedal 
muscles.  When  these  muscles  contract,  in  the  act  of  withdrawal 
into  the  shell,  the  anterior  margin  of  the  disk  is  reflected  upwards 
and  backwards  over  the  proboscis  and  tentacles.  This  reflected 
portion  is,  as  a  whole,  then  bent  backwards  and  downwards  to  be 
finally  covered  by  the  posterior  portion  of  the  foot,  the  upper  sur- 
face of  which  carries  the  operculum.  The  whole  mass  is  then  with- 
drawn into  the  shell.  During  the  period  of  reproduction,  when 
the  organs  devoted  to  that  function  are  in  a  condition  of  marked 
activity  and  distension,  the  animal,  especially  of  the  female,  cannot 
be  wholly  retracted.  In  this  respect  it  resembles  most  of  our  large 
Helices. 

Sexual  Features. — The  sexes  are  readily  distinguished^  in  life,  by 
means  of  the  right  tentacle,  which,  in  the  male,  is  very  much  larger 
than  its  fellow  and  rather  more  curved  outwards  (Plate  VII.,  Fig.  2, 

1  Smithsonian  Misc.  Coll.,  No.  144,  p.  35,  1865. 


492  Gross  Anatomy  of  Campeloma. 

and  VII.  of  Fig.  1,  in  the  text).  Again,  as  appears  below,  the  shells 
differ  in  certain  particulars  of  corresponding  dimensions. 

The  male  seminal  duct  is  displayed  throughout  nearly  its  whole 
length  by  clipping  the  mantle  along  the  extreme  left  of  the  branch- 
ial chamber.      The  vas  defer  ens  superior  (IV.,  Fig.  1)  arises  from 
a  point  on  the  anterior  left  third  of  the  testis  (II.,  Fig.  1).     This 
latter  organ  is  placed  immediately  under  the 
right  duodenal  fold  of  the  intestine  (I.,  Fig. 
1).     It  is  about  three  times  longer  than  wide, 
_  w  and  whitish  in  color.     The  vas  deferens  supe- 
rior after  passing  anteriorly  to  a  point  near  the 
anal  extremity  of  the  intestine  is  suddenly  bent 
*    obliquely  backwards  and  traverses  the  floor  of 
the  branchial  chamber   for  a  short  distance, 
but  soon  turns  forward  again  at  a  somewhat 
acute  angle.  At  this  point  (III.,  Fig.  1)  is  the 
prostate.     The  vas  deferens  inferior  (V.,  Fig. 
*'  1)  is  rather  long,  narrow,  and  nearly  straight,. 

and  is  continued  along  the  floor  of  the  right 
tentacle  to  the  verge  (VI.,  Fig.  1).  The  right  tentacle  thus  becomes 
an  intromittent  organ  in  the  process  of  copulation.  This  tentacle 
is  somewhat  flattened  above,  presenting,  in  cross  section,  an  elon- 
gated ellipse.  It  is  somewhat  less  in  length  than  its  left  fellow,. 
and  is  rather  more  curved  outwards. 

In  the  gravid  female  the  gestatory  sac  (Plate  VII.,  Fig.  5,  c)  oc- 
cupies the  greater  portion  of  the  body  whorl  on  the  right  side.  It  is 
readily  distinguished  in  the  living  specimen  by  the  greater  deposit 
of  black  pigmentary  matter  in  its  thin  outer  walls.  Anteriorly  the 
sac  opens  into  a  rather  small  duct,  the  mouth  of  which  is  prolonged 
into  the  branchial  chamber  about  2  to  2.5  millimetres  (b,  Plate  VII.,. 
Fig.  5).  This  duct  is  guarded  at  each  extremity  by  rather  power- 
ful sphincter  muscles.  Anteriorly  the  walls  of  the  gestatory  sac 
are  slightly  thicker  and  are  modified  into  longitudinal  folds  or 
rugse  leading  towards  the  duct.  These  possibly  are  of  use  in 
guiding  the  extrusion  of  the  young. 

During  the  summer  and  fall  months,  and  often  also  in  hiber- 
nating specimens,  the  gestatory  sac  is  crowded  to  distension  with 
young,  in  various  stages  of  development  (Plate  VII.,  Fig.  5,  c). 
Those  most  anterior  are,  in  early  August,  nearly  or  quite  through 
their  prenatal  growth,  and  are  less  closely  crowded  upon  one  another 


Gross  Anatomy  of  Campeloma. 


493 


than  are  those  in  the  rear  portion  of  the  sac.     All  the  young  in 
the  anterior  portion  possess  shells.      The  shell  of  the  young  at 


FIG.  2. 

this  stage  is  devoid  of  colored  epidermis,  is  crystalline  white,  and 
possesses  from  2  to  2J  complete  whorls.  The  apex  is  very  short 
and  blunt,  the  first  whorl  being  nearly  uniform  in  diameter 
throughout  its  length,  while  the  body  whorl  is  very  large,  com- 
prising fully  nine-tenths  the  entire  bulk  of  the  shell.  The  darker 
tentacles  and  the  black  eyes  at  their  outer  base  are  readily  seen 
through  the  substance  of  the  shell.  The  average  dimensions  of  a 
dozen  or  more  young  examined  were,  for  length  3.5  mm.,  for 
diameter  2.96  mm.  The  embryonic  whorls  never,  so  far  as  exper- 
ience goes  with  mature  specimens  with  completely  preserved 
apices,  acquire  the  characteristic  green  epidermal  coloring. 


494 


Gross  Anatomy  of  Campeloma. 


The  number  of  young  is  variable,  the  large  mature  specimens 
containing,  as  might  be  expected,  the  greater  number  of  young 
shells.  Twenty  specimens  were  carefully  examined  with  a  view  to 
this  feature,  with  the  following  result : — 


Speci- 
men. 

Young. 

Speci- 
men. 

Young. 

Speci- 
men. 

Young. 

Speci- 
men. 

Young. 

1 

36 

6 

59 

11 

29 

16 

47 

2 

42 

7 

52 

12 

25 

17 

42 

3 

51 

8 

32 

13 

49 

18 

64 

4 

35 

9 

32 

14 

58 

19 

63 

5 

41 

10 

38 

15 

34 

20 

50 

These  twenty  individuals,  therefore,  present  an  average  of  forty- 
three  young. 

Aside  from  the  tentacular  differences  which  exist  between  the 
male  and  female,  both  tentacles  of  the  latter  being  uniformly  sub- 
ulate, a  further  sexual  difference  appears  in  the  greater  size  and 
somewhat  more  globose  character  of  the  female  shell.  Coordinated 
with  this  difference  in  dimensions  is  the  more  shouldered  character  of 
the  whorls  in  the  female  specimen,  a  difference  connected  with  the 
position  and  necessarily  large  size  of  the  gestatory  sac.  The  males 
are  more  regularly  conical,  with  rather  less  oblique  aperture,  and 
are  of  considerably  less  globose  appearance  than  are  the  females. 
This  difference  was  supposed  to  be  of  value  in  determining  the  sex 
when  only  the  shell  was  at  hand.  To  test  it  as  a  sexual  differen- 
tial character,  thirty-six  of  the  largest  males  and  an  equal  number 
of  the  largest  females  were  selected  from  a  finding  of  more  than  a 
gallon  of  C.  subsolidum,  taken  on  August  6,  1887,  and  were  care- 
fully measured.  The  results  appear  in  the  following : — 
TABLE  OF  DIMENSIONS.  MALES. 


No. 

I. 

II. 

No. 

I. 

II. 

No. 

I. 

II. 

mm. 

mm. 

mm. 

mm. 

ram. 

mm. 

1 

25.88 

12.80 

13 

24.94 

12.92 

25 

24.22 

12.36 

2 

26.00 

13.00 

14 

24.52 

12.38 

26 

25.14 

13.00 

3 

27.25 

13.32 

15 

26.10 

13.51 

27 

23.90 

12.70 

4 

26.06 

13.31 

16 

30.76 

15.00 

28 

26.62 

13.12 

5 

27.22 

12.90 

17 

27.34 

14.00 

29 

23.94 

12.86 

6 

26.80 

13.14 

18 

24.95 

13.36 

30 

25.84 

12.92 

7 

27.47 

15.08 

19 

27.32 

13.04 

31 

26.16 

13.29 

8 

25.50 

12.66 

20 

26.86 

14.20 

32 

25.16 

12.92 

9 

24.48 

12.54 

21 

25.76 

13.62 

33 

25.50 

13.60 

10 

25.54 

12.90 

22 

25.20 

13.61 

34 

23.36 

12.24 

11 

26.28 

13.40 

23 

24.82 

13.50 

35 

24.95 

12.88 

12 

24.14 

12.50 

24 

28.32 

15.22 

36 

24.00 

12.64 

TT 


f\  i  o  rvi 


Gross  Anatomy  of  Gampeloma. 
TABLE  OP  DIMENSIONS.    FEMALES. 


495 


1 

No. 

I. 

II. 

No. 

I. 

II. 

No. 

I. 

II. 

mm. 

mm. 

mm. 

mm. 

mm. 

mm. 

1 

36.44 

18.40 

13 

35.50 

17.72 

25 

29.20 

16.22 

2 

30.00 

15.68 

14 

30.30 

16.29 

26 

.    29.10 

15.80 

3 

29.80 

15.16 

15 

32.37 

16.40 

27 

32.88 

16.34 

4 

32.12 

16.00 

16 

30.50    !     15.56 

28 

30.24 

16.60 

5 

32.92 

16.88 

17 

28.50   1     15.68 

29  " 

23.94 

12.86 

6 

30.26 

16.21 

18 

33.14 

16.80 

30 

25.84 

12.92 

7 

30.44 

15.50 

19 

29.49 

17.32 

31 

26.16 

13.29 

8 

33.62 

18.62 

20 

30.00 

15.50 

32 

25.16 

12.92 

9 

35.28 

17.62 

21 

31.64 

17.36 

33 

25.50 

13.60 

10 

29.88 

15.72 

22 

33.14 

16.16 

34 

23.36 

12.24 

11 

33.50 

16.60 

23 

35.40 

17.32 

35 

24.95 

12.88 

12 

32.50 

17.00 

24 

30.42 

16.56 

36 

24.00 

12.64 

I.  —  length  in  mm.    II.  =  diameter  in  mm. 

A  comparison  of  ratios  shows  the  numerical  values  of  differ- 
ences, as  follows:  Length  of  male  to  its  diameter,  -ff-Jf-f ;  length 
of  female  to  its  diameter,  f-|-  ffy ;  length  of  female  to  length  of 
male,  f^  ff-g- ;  diameter  of  female  to  diameter  of  male,  -J-f  £$£.. 
The  differences  of  lengths  is  5.561  and  of  diameters  2.893.  It 
would  appear,  then,  that  this  degree  of  difference  may  be  of  diag- 
nostic value  in  the  matter  of  sex.  The  diagram,  Fig.  3,  is  designed 
to  present  this  sexual  peculiarity  in  a  graph- 
ic form.  The  marginal  numbers  represent 
millimetres.  The  ordinates  represent  the 
lengths,  and  the  abscissas,  which  have  the 
same  scale,  represent  diameters.  The  cir- 
cular conventional  sign  represents  the  male 
and  the  triangular  character  the  female  spec- 
imen. The  average  dimensions  of  each 
group  are  represented  by  the  open  conven- 
tional sign  with  its  distinguishing  sex  mark 
conjoined.  It  will  be  seen  that  while  the 
dots  fall  into  two  pretty  well-defined  groups, 

the  range  of  greatest  variation  follows  the  ordinates,  and  tha*  this 
range  is  comparatively  greater  for  the  female  than  for  the  male  form. 
In  other  words,  the  males  are  more  constant  in  lengths  and  vary  less 
in  diameter,  while,  for  the  female  form,  differences  in  length  are 
measurably  compensated  by  corresponding  increase  in  diameter. 

In  connection  with  this  character  it  may  not  be  altogether  amiss 
to  call  attention  to  certain  so-called  species  which  have  been  based 
upon  the  males  of  C.  subsolidum.  They  are  Campeloma  milesii  Lea, 


496  Gross  Anatomy  of  Campeloma. 

C.  coarctatum  Lea  and  C.  exilis  Anthony.  The  same  unfortunate 
cause  of  synonomy  has  led,  in  the  genus  Unio,  to  the  erection  of 
more  than  a  hundred  spurious  species,  in  certain  cases  the  females 
serving  as  a  basis  for  not  less  than  five  specific  names.  The  form 
of  a  shell  in  so  extremely  variable  a  group  is  certainly  a  very  mis- 
leading character. 

Digestive  Organs. — The  buccal  cavity  opens  on  the  middle  side 
of  the  rather  short  proboscis  near  its  base.  Near  the  oesophagus 
(III.,  Fig.  3)  and  upon  the  floor  of  the  buccal  mass  lies  the  radula. 
This  is  a  small,  narrow,  chitinous  organ,  beset  with  numerous  trans- 
verse rows  of  teeth,  arranged  according  to  the  formula  3.1.3  (Fig. 
3,  Plate  VII.,  and  Fig.  4).  The  dentition  is  therefore  tsenioglossate. 
On  either  side,  near  the  posterior  end  of  the  buccal  cavity,  open 
the  ducts  of  the  salivary  glands  (II.,  Fig.  3).  These  are  small 
racemose  paired  glands,  dirty  white  in  color,  and  lie  close  upon  the 
oesophagus.  Including  their  ducts,  they  are  about  1.5  mm.  in 
length,  and  nearly  or  quite  .25  mm.  in  width.  The  oesophagus  is 
long,  irregularly  winding,  placed  upon  the  floor  of  the  branchial 
cavity,  and  opens,  into  a  somewhat  capacious  stomach  (IV.,  Fig.  3), 
near  the  middle  of  the  whorl  next  the  body-whorl.  The  intestine 
is  of  nearly  the  same  size  as  the  oesophagus,  and  does  not  enlarge 
until  the  opening  of  the  biliary  duct  is  passed  (V.  and  VII., 
Fig.  3).  At  this  point  it  is  coiled  upon  itself  to  the  left,  forming 
what  may  be  called  the  right  duodenal  fold,  immediately  under 
which  lies  the  testis,  as  stated  above.  Turning  again  to  the  right, 
it  is  there  directed  forward,  becomes  slightly  enlarged,  forming  the 
rectal  portion  of  the  intestinal  canal  (VIII.,  Fig.  3),  which  opens 
into  the  branchial  cavity  near  the  margin  of  the  mantle  on  the  right 
side  (IX.,  Fig.  3).  The  liver  (VI.,  Fig.  3)  is  a  very  large  gland- 
ular body,  completely  filling  the  first  two  and  a  half  to  three  whorls 
of  the  shell.  Its  contents  are  discharged  into  the  duodenal  portion 
of  the  intestine  near  the  position  of  the  heart.  In  color  it  is  orange- 
red,  and  is  somewhat  larger  and  darker  in  the  male  than  in  the 
female  form.  This  organ,  like  all  other  portions  of  the  animal 
which  lie  next  the  shell,  is  in  versed  by  a  thin  membrane,  contain- 
ing pigmentary  matter,  the  membrane  itself  being  a  continuation 
of  the  mantle. 

Respiratory  Apparatus.— The  branchial  cavity  is  large,  extend- 
ing backwards  throughout  nearly  the  whole  length  of  the  body- 
whorl.  It  opens  towards  the  right  side,  its  left  margin  being  just 


(jhrotts  Anatomy  of  Campeloma.  497 

above  the  base  of  the  left  tentacle.  The  chamber  is  somewhat  less 
in  size  in  the  gravid  female  than  in  the  male,  a  fact  the  explanation 
of  which  probably  lies  in  the  distension  of  the  gestatory  sac  and 
its  consequent  encroachment  upon  the  branchial  space.  The  cham- 
ber narrows  rapidly  posteriorly,  and  becomes  laterally  constricted. 
From  its  upper  and  left  side  walls  is  pendant  the  ctenidium 
(Plate  ?  Fig.  5,  Br).  This  organ  consists  of  a  single  row,  contain- 
ing a  great  number  of  thin  elongately  triangular  plates,  connected 
above  with  the  branchial  vein.  The  right  edge  and  lower  extrem- 
ity of  each  plate  is  free,  and  each  is  constantly  bathed  with  water. 
The  plates  become  smaller  as  the  rear  end  of  the  chamber  is  reached; 
they  are  yellowish  white  in  color,  and  are  furnished  with  abundant 
cilia.  The  blood,  which  is  aerated  in  these  plates,  is  white. 

The  attention  of  students  with  proper  appliances  at  command  is 
directed  to  these  molluscs  in  respect  to  their  embryology,  nervous 
system,  minute  anatomy  of  the  reproductive  organs,  myology  and 
circulatory  system.  Only  the  crudest  observations  on  these  points 
were  possible  under  the  conditions  which  were  presented  to  me,  and 
such  facts  as  were  ascertained  are  repressed  in  the  hope  that  some 
other  one  will  be  able  to  complete  the  work  here  outlined. 

Explanation  of  the  Plate. —  X  f.  All  the  figures,  save  Fig.  2, 
are  drawn  from  the  female.  The  mantle  is  clipped  along  the  left 
margin  of  the  branchial  cavity. 

Fig.  1.  Female,  Fig.  2,  male  individual. 

Fig.  3.  A  single  transverse  row  of  teeth. 

Fig.  4.  Odontophore,  natural  size  and  very  greatly  enlarged. 

Fig.  5.  Anatomy  of  the  branchial  cavity  with  related  organs. 

a.  Rectum  and  anus. 

b.  The  opening  of  the  gestatory  sac,  c. 
br.  The  ctenidium. 

The  figures  on  the  plate  were  drawn  by  Mr.  H.  A.  Pilsbry 
from  dissections  made  by  him.  Those  in  the  text  are  drawn,  some 
what  diagraminatically,  by  the  author,  from  nature. 


PLATE  VII. 


Sporadic 

mpers 

•DJ-UJLU^ 

Library 

JVL  M  ma 

: 

^x 

M171456 


03 


- 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


